Biochemical and physiological responses

The common response of both cultured cells and cells comprising the body of a plant when these two systems are exposed to water stress is the requirement for osmotic adjustment. It seems reasonable then to expect that information obtained at the cellular level should enhance our understanding of the biochemical and physiological response of plants exposed to water stress. 

In recent years there has been increased interest in elucidating the biochemical and physiological responses of plants to air pollutants. Ozone has received particular scrutiny because of its importance in photochemical smog. The effects of ozone on the spectrum of physiological and biochemical systems has been analyzed in plant systems both vivo and vitro to... 

At this point in time the pharmacological characteristics of the functionally different dopamine receptors, present in the neostriatum, can (still) be described in terms of D-1 and D-2 receptors there is (still) no need to assume the presence of D-3 or D-4 receptors to explain the biochemical and physiological responses elicited by dopamine. It is conceivable... 

Measurements on biochemical and physiological responses to environmental stressors have become a common component of site-specific risk assessment, even though they continue to stimulate debate regarding their utility and functionality... 

The underlying concept in biomarkers is that the selected measurement endpoints (typically comprised of biochemical and physiological responses) can provide sensitive indexes of exposure or health effects other than death. Measurements of body fluids, cells, or tissues can indicate (in cellular or sub-cellular terms) the relative magnitude of chemical exposure or organism response. 

Parthemos, M. D. "Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Male, White Rats Fed Common Breakfast Cereals", M.S. Thesis, University of Georgia Athens, GA, 1974 pp. 172. 

Biochemical and Physiological Response to High Content of Molybdenum in Biogeochemical Food Webs... 

Biochemical and Physiological Responses. Brassinosteroids have been reported to elicit several plant physiological functions, including the follow-ing 7) ... 

Biochemical and physiological responses of selected Arabidopsis lipid mutants"... 

The symposium at which the papers in this volume were presented provided an opportunity to present, discuss, and publish a comprehensive account of the current status of research concerned with basic biochemical and physiological responses associated with the phytotoxic action of herbicides. 

Time of Dosing. The time of day, or day of the year, may influence the toxic response. These changes reflect diurnal and seasonal variations in biochemical and physiological profiles, which may influence toxicity through a variety of mechanisms. 

An account of the principles which help to understand how hormones achieve their roles in the body is given in Chapter 12. The understanding is based on separation of the effects of hormones into three components the action, the effects (biochemical and physiological) and the function. A steroid hormone binds to a cytosolic intracellular receptor, which then moves into the nucleus where it binds to DNA at a specific site (the steroid response element) and activates genes which result in the formation of proteins that elicit biochemical and physiological effects. This is discussed for cortisol in Chapter 12 and aldosterone in Chapter 22. Much of the interest in the reproductive steroid hormones is in the physiological effects and how these account for their functions. 

One factor contributing to crop losses caused by ozone is the development of abnormal pigments which are viewed as discolored areas on foliage of ozone-sensitive cultivars. Such discoloration is esthetically unacceptable on leafy food crops and probably causes a reduction in the nutritional value of all foliar components used for food and feed. Biochemical and physiological reactions responsible for ozone-induced discolorations have not... 

Pharmacodynamics is the study of drug effects (biochemical and physiological) and their mechanism of action. When the drug reaches its site of action it has a pharmacological effect which may be responsible for an eventual therapeutic effect and also responsible for the adverse effects as well as some other effects which may be of no clinical importance. 

The perception of flavor is a fine balance between the sensory input of both desirable and undesirable flavors. It involves a complex series of biochemical and physiological reactions that occur at the cellular and subcellular level (see Chapters 1-3). Final sensory perception or response to the food is regulated by the action and interaction of flavor compounds and their products on two neur networks, the olfactory and gustatory systems or the smell and taste systems, respectively (Figure 1). The major food flavor components involved in the initiation and transduction of the flavor response are the food s lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, as well as their reaction products. Since proteins and peptides of meat constitute the major chemical components of muscle foods, they will be the major focus of discussion in this chapter. 

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