Drug biochemical-responsive

The hypothesis that hypoxia receptors exist, and can be stimulated by vitamin E and agents in the body which have a structural similarity to the vitamin but which are not necessarily antioxidants, might be useful as a way of investigating the body s physiological and biochemical response to hypoxia. The mechanism of this response could also offer a pharmacological perspective in which new anti-hypoxia drugs could be generated. 

Sutherland L, Ebner T, Burchell B. The expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases of the UGT1 family in human liver and kidney and in response to drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 1993 45(2) 295-301. 

Hormones act by binding to receptors, which are usually protein molecules. Receptors have two functions first, they bind the hormone, and secondly, they transduce (change the type of) the signal to affect the metabolism of the recipient cell. The ability of a cell to respond to a hormone depends on two properties of the receptor molecule how many of them are on a particular cell, and how well they bind the hormone. The first property is called the receptor number, and the second is called the affinity of the receptor for the hormone. The biochemical responsiveness of a cell to a hormone (or a drug, or a neurotransmitter) depends on the number of occupied receptors on the responsive cell. Suppose that a hormone binds to a receptor with a dissociation constant given by the following equation ... 

Chui et al, [96] have reported that PCDE 74 (2,4,4, 5-tetraCDE) induce 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities in trout and PCDE 28 (2,4,4-triCDE) and PCDE 74 (2,4,4, 5-tetraCDE) in rats. The effects of PCDEs were studied by administering PCDEs 100 mg kg 1 day 1 to rats and trout for three days. Chui et al. [96] classified PCDE 28 as a phenobarbital (PB)-type inducer and PCDE 74 a mixed-type inducer. Due to the fact that PCDEs cannot adopt planar configuration, it was suggested that PCDEs cannot act as 3-methyl chloranthrene(MC)-type inducers unlike non-orfho-PCBs. PCBs that are not acutely toxic can still induce toxic and biochemical responses and are PB-type inducers of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes [79]. 

I am particularly interested in Rasilex and am delighted to see its availability for those men and women with very high blood pressure who may not respond adequately to the secret weapons alone or in conjunction with the entire program in this book. Why am I so enthusiastic about a drug Rasilex does not affect physiological and biochemical responses that are responsible for the dry cough, edema, and buildup of watery fluid, often associated with the ACE inhibitors. 

A living organism is a sea of chiral molecules. Many drugs are chiral, and often they must interact with a chiral receptor or a chiral enzyme to be effective. One enantiomer of a drug may effectively treat a disease whereas its mirror image may be ineffective. Alternatively, one enantiomer may trigger one biochemical response and its mirror image may elicit a totally different response. 

As with all antiarthritic drugs, the situation is not clear. Biochemical effects of copper are general, and no one target, such as a particular protein, is recognizable. The copper complexes are presumably a means of further increasing the copper content, because the species are expected to be rather labile. The introduction of exogenous copper will also affect thiol content and redox state of the cell, and some biochemical responses listed above may be a consequence of this altered state. Besides ceruloplasmin and albumin, major binding sites of Cu(II) are histidine and cysteine [94, 95] and some possibilities for the mechanism of action have been summarized [64]. 

The increased force of contraction induced by NA in the heart muscle is one of the consequences which follow when the sympathetic innervation to the heart is stimulated. This response is mediated by sympathetic receptors which are classified as of the j9 type, since the effects are more potently produced by iso-prenaline. and are antagonized by -antagonist drugs but not by a-antag(mist drugs. Biochemical studies of the effects of catecholamines on the isolated perfused heart have shown that the inotropic effect is accompanied by a large rise in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP in the cardiac cells. Furthermore, this rise occurs very rapidly after exposure to the catecholamine, and slightly precedes the recorded inotropic effect (Fig. 14). There is an excellent correlation between the... 

There are a number of assay formats available to test drugs in a functional mode. As discussed in Chapter 2, a main theme throughout the various stimulus-response cascades found in cells is the amplification of receptor stimulus occurring as a function of the distance, in biochemical steps and reactions, away from the initial receptor event. Specifically, the further down the stimulus-... 

Compared to those treated with placebo, 60% to 70% of patients with HBeAg-negative hepatitis B treated with lamivudine for 52 weeks have undetectable HBV DNA levels and normalization of ALT levels. However, the rate of relapse is 80% to 90% once the treatment has been discontinued.20 Lamivudine therapy beyond 12 months may be considered to sustain response, but biochemical and virologic breakthrough commonly occurs due to the development of drug resistance.29... 

---