Chemical status

Using these results, the chemical status of the water bodies of the Ebro river basin can be evaluated. The chemical status is defined as the expression of the accomplishment of the environmental quality legislation considering the surface water bodies. Among the 643 water bodies defined in the Ebro river basin, 35 were diagnosed as bad chemicals status (5.4%). The distribution of these water bodies is shown in Fig. 1. This bad quality was concentrated around the city of Zaragoza,... 

The ISO protocol for the biochemical response EROD (ISO 23893-2/AWI) as a recent example of a bioanalytical (biomarker) [49,50] method standardised under ISO for fish needs harmonisation with the other test systems and between the laboratories (users) before implementation. Use of biomarkers (biochemical responses) in multi-arrays for environmental monitoring according to Hansen et al. [50] is complementary to chemical analysis since they can alert for the presence of ecotoxic compounds. Bringing into the WFD, the effect-related approaches concerning bioassays and biomarkers are only relevant in the context of the QN of environmental relevant substances and the good chemical status. But it is rather difficult to transfer the monitored biochemical responses or biomarkers into an operational effect-related standard. They serve as the basis for environmental protection against hazardous substances. In relation to... 

Hanlon, D.P. and V.H. Ferm. 1986b. Concentration and chemical status of arsenic in the blood of pregnant hamsters during critical embryogenesis. 1. Subchronic exposure to arsenate using constant rate administration. Environ. Res. 40 372-379. 

Select the environmental quality objectives. Quality objectives should be based on insight into the relation between the chemical status of the soil or the surface water and the response of a biological indicator (an organism or population). According... 

The WFD has established a framework for the protection of inland surface water, transitional waters and groundwater which aims at achieving good ecological potential and good surface water chemical status within 15 years from the date of commencement of the Directive, i.e. 22 December, 2000 (Directive 2000/60/EC, L327/1, Official Journal of the EU). 

NTP. 1990. Chemical status report produced from NTP chemtrack system. National Toxicology Program, Division of Toxicology Research and Testing. 

The chemical data presented clearly show the special character of alpine running waters compared to those in the midland and lowlands. The high water flow in these systems and the low anthropogenic activities produce only a small impact from pollution of nutrients and results mostly in their good chemical status. This... 

NIR Vibrational overtones and combination bands Very high S/N Relatively low sensitivity facilitates minimum sample preparation Most popular on-line technique, but not as sensitive or diagnostic as IR and Raman. Sensitivity to physical as well as chemical status can be a problem or an opportunity, depending on application... 

Maas J.L., Schipper C.A., Knoben R.A.E., van den Heuvel-Greve M.J., den Besten P.J. and de Maagd G-J. (2008). Diagnostic water quality instruments for use in European Water Framework Directive. Published in The Water Framework Directive Ecological and Chemical Status Monitoring. Editors Quevauviller, Borchers, Thompson, Simonart. ISBN 978-0-470-51836-6, Wiley. 

The original model regarding surface intermediates is a system of ordinary differential equations. It corresponds to the detailed mechanism under an assumption that the surface diffusion factor can be neglected. Physico-chemical status of the QSSA is based on the presence of the small parameter, i.e. the total amount of the surface active sites is small in comparison with the total amount of gas molecules. Mathematically, the QSSA is a zero-order approximation of the original (singularly perturbed) system of differential equations by the system of the algebraic equations (see in detail Yablonskii et al., 1991). Then, in our analysis... 

The use of acrolein as a raw material for the production nl gylcerine boosted it Into major chemical status in (he 1%0s... 

Dantzman CL, Breland HL. 1970. Chemical status of some water sources in south central Florida. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 29 18-28. 

The recent approval and implementation of the European Water Framework Directive further emphasizes the role of biota as a tool for assessing aquatic environmental quality, in that it strives not only for the improvement of the chemical quality status of water bodies but also for the rehabilitation of their ecological status. In the light of these recommendations, it becomes essential to use biota to assess not only the chemical status of water bodies through contaminant load analysis, but also their ecological status, in what must be an integrated, multidisciplinary approach. 

Annex V in the WFD describes the framework for groundwater monitoring it specifies monitoring of the quantitative status (by measuring the groundwater level) and chemical status. 

NTP. 1990. Chemical status report produced from NTP chemtrack system (database). Department of Health and Human Services, National Toxicology Program, Division of Toxicology Research and Testing, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 10, 1990. 

We report (i) isomorphous substitution of boron, by secondary synthesis, into silicalite and into highly siliceous (Si/Al>400) ZSM-5 and (ii) an improved direct synthesis of zeolite (Si,B) -ZSM-5. The chemical status of B in die boronated products depends upon reaction conditions. Careful control of the concentration of the base, the borate species and of die duration of treatment, allows the preparation of samples containing only 4-coordinated B or a mixture of 3- and 4-coordinated B in various relative concentrations. The products were characterized by magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR and infrared (IR) spectroscopies and by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD). 

A feature that still often impedes the latter form of analysis, however, is the common need to make many of these relatively sophisticated spectroscopic measurements in controlled, often unrealistic environments, perhaps following periodic extractions of the catalytic materials from process flow lines. As a result, numerous ingenious "minimal disturbance" procedures have been developed to circumvent possible problems (2). Generally, however, all of these schemes are based upon some degree of reliance on a "stop action" or "fix" concept (1 ). In the latter, we assume that the materials in question are usually altered by the previously mentioned catalytic process, but are unchanged ("fixed") following removal from that process. This concept has been shown to have some merit, but detailed analysis has demonstrated that mere exposure to ambient air can often prove deleterious to the chemical status of the surface of some catalytic ingredients (3). Thus, in... 

Gossypol is chemically reactive due to the reactivity of carbonyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups as well as its bulky binaphthalene structure. Gossypol can react with other compounds to form bound gossypol (BG). In order to better describe the chemical status (forms) of gossypol in cottonseed products, three terms (i.e., FG, BG, and TG) are frequently used. Based on the AOCS (American Oil Chemists Society) official... 

Quevauviller Ph., Borchers U., Thompson K.C. and Simonart T. (eds), 2008. The Water Framework Directive - Ecological and Chemical Status Monitoring, Water Quality Measurements Series, John Wiley Sons Ltd., Chichester. 

The monitoring network should be designed to provide a coherent and comprehensive overview of ecological and chemical status within each mapped river basin. 

The Water Framework Directive - Ecological and Chemical Status Monitoring... 

The Effects of Physicochemical Properties of Food on the Chemical Status of Iron... 

This paper will attempt to address this latter point by discussing some of the physicochemical properties of food which may effect the chemical status of iron. Obviously not every property may be considered and therefore this discussion will be limited to a consideration of selected complexes, pH, and reduction poten-ial. 

Nojeim and Clydesdale (b-3) and Nojeim et. al (.55) also attempted to utilize the results obtained in their model systems as a predictor of the effects of both pH and reduction potential of actual foods on the chemical status of iron. It would be most helpful to be able to predict the chemical fate of added iron simply by measuring the pH or reduction potential of the food. 

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