Biochemical Monitoring

The potential benefits of regulating therapy on a precise biochemical basis are obvious. However, lack of suitable chemical methods of analysis has, until comparatively recently, limited biochemical monitoring of anticonvulsant therapy to a few specialized centers. Methodological problems still exist but routine phenytoin determinations now lie within the scope of any moderately well equipped clinical biochemistry laboratory. 

Sidorov, V.S., Yurovitsky, Yu.G., Kirilyuk, S.D. and Taksheev, S.A. (1990). Principles and methods of ecologo-biochemical monitoring of water bodies (In Russian). In Biochemistry of Ecto- and Endothermic Organisms in Normal and Pathological Situations , pp. 5-27, Karelian Scientific Centre, Petrozavodsk. 

Sidorov, V.S.,Vysotskaya, R.U. and Nemova, N.N. (1993). Evolutionary aspects of ecologo-biochemical monitoring (In Russian). In Biochemical Methods in Ecology and Toxicological Researches (V. Sidorov, ed.), pp. 5-35, Karelian Scientific Centre Publishing, Petrozavodsk. 

Yurovitsky, Yu.G. and Sidorov, V.S. (1993). Ecologo-biochemical monitoring and ecologo-biochemical testing of the threatened environmental areas (In Russian). Izvestia Akademii Nauk SSSR Seriya Biologiya 1993 (1), 74-82. 

A7. Artuch, R., Vilaseca, M. A., and Pineda, M., Biochemical monitoring of the treatment in paediatric patients with mitochondrial disease. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 21, 837-845 (1998). 

Therapeutic drug monitoring is as essential as clinical and biochemical monitoring in the drug treatment of epilepsy. 

Improvement of the methodology of chemical and biochemical monitoring in environmental objects and human organisms ... 

Metolazone causes a greater degree of potassium depletion than thiazides (SED-11, 424). In order to avoid serious electrolyte disturbances when metolazone is introduced in patients taking loop diuretics, the metolazone should be given in low doses to start with in hospital, and at the same time the dosage of the loop diuretic should be reduced under careful biochemical monitoring (SEDA-16, 225). 

Site of action Biochemical monitoring Physiological and behavioral effects Population parameters Community parameters Ecosystem effects... 

NSAIDs block the synthesis of COX products of arachidonic acid, which have a critical role in renal hemodynamics, control of tubular function, and renin release. It is now apparent that two isoforms of COX synthesize prostaglandins. COX-1 is a resident or constitutive form and COX-2 is an inducible form that increases with disorders of inflammation. NSAIDs are nonspecific inhibitors of both COX isoforms. Analgesic nephropathy is a common cause of ESRD in a number of countries, reaching 10% in Switzerland and Australia, but is essentially a preventable condition for which biochemical monitoring has proved useful. The incidence of this disease has decreased over the last decade as awareness has improved and phenacetin was withdrawn from over-the-counter analgesic mixtures. In the United States, 1 in 5 citizens (50 miflion) report that they use an... 

The measurement of B, subunits in serum or plasma may provide a useful alternative or adjunct to the conventional approach of biochemical monitoring in these patients during treatment (H34). In a study of 22 patients receiving prednisolone with or without azothioprine it was found that B, levels were elevated in 17 or 26 samples, whereas AST activity was found to be elevated in only 6. It was also found that of 20 samples with normal AST activity, B, concentrations were elevated in 11 but no patient was found to have elevated AST activity in the presence of normal B, concentration. When B[ levels were compared with GGT activities it was found that GGT was increased in 16, and 11 of these also exhibited elevated Bj concentrations. In 7 samples increased Bj with normal GGT was found. A significant correlation was found between B, and GGT (r = 0.69) but a good correlation between B, and AST was observed only if samples with B, concentration more than twice the upper reference value were excluded. Abnormal... 

Clinical and biochemical monitoring should always go hand in hand in the assessment of any form of nutritional support. In some circumstances the contribution of the laboratory may be the simple measurement of blood glucose, while in other simations the measurements and advice provided by the lab may dictate the regimen in a patient receiving parenteral nutrition. 

Biochemical monitoring. Daily lluid baliincc charts provide an assessment of body fluid volume. Scrum ereatininc indicates the degree of... 

Biochemical monitoring ol liver disease is by sequential measurements ol the amino-translerases. bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. 

Close clinical and biochemical monitoring are required to tailor the management protocol to the individual patient. 

Osteoporosis may be present alongside osteomalacia (pages 7()-71) in which case biochemical monitoring is helpful. 

Fig. 3 Biochemical monitoring of a patient during treatment for thyroid disease. This 55-year-old woman was first diagnosed as hyperthyroid, and received radioiodine therapy. She became profoundly hypothyroid, and was treated with thyroxine. Her thyroid hormone results at first indicated good replacement, but recently they indicate that she Is under replaced. It is possible that she Is not taking her thyroxine tablets regularly.

Machala, M Nezveda, K., Ulrich, R., and Mitlovi, L., Toxicity Potential Estimation and Biochemical Monitoring of Aromatic Contaminants by the Measurement of Monooxygenase Activities in Chick Embryo Liver , in Ecoloxicology Monitoring, Richardson, M.L. (Ed.), VCH Publishers, Weinheim, 1993, pp. 173-182. 

Burry JN (1974) Persistent phototoxicity due to nalidixic acid. Arch Dermatol 109 263 Byrd RB, Horn BR, Solomon DA, Griggs GA (1979) Toxic effects of isoniazid in tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis. Role of biochemical monitoring in 1,000 patients. JAMA 241 1239... 

Little PJ, James MO, Pritchard JB, Bend JR (1985) Temperature-dependent disposition of P C]benzo(a)pyrene in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 77 325-333 Livingstone DR (1984) Biochemical differences in field populations of the common mussel Mytilus edulis L. exposed to hydrocarbons some considerations of biochemical monitoring. In Bolis L, Zadunaisky J, Gilles R (eds) Toxins, drugs and pollutants in marine animals. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 161-175... 

Olivero, D., LaPlaca, M., Kottke, P.A. (2012) Ambient Nanoelectrospray Ionization with In-Line Microdialysis for Spatially Resolved Transient Biochemical Monitoring within Cell Culture Environments. Anal. Chem. 84 2072-2075. 

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