Equipment and Cleaning Procedures

Two 250 L polyethylene tanks were used for the preparation and homogenization of the two candidate CRMs they were cleaned thoroughly with deionized water (Milli-Q) and subsequently rinsed with the solution they would contain. Polyethylene bottles were carefully cleaned with deionized water (Milli-Q)  

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The purpose of the HPLC analysis of cleaning samples is to prove with data that the equipment and cleaning procedures work, and that the surfaces of the equipment are indeed clean. The HPLC chromatographic finish is extremely reproducible and is the easiest part of the analytical... 

AH volatile organic solvents are toxic to some degree. Excessive vapor inhalation of the volatile chloriaated solveats, and the central nervous system depression that results, is the greatest hazard for iadustrial use of these solvents. Proper protective equipment and operating procedures permit safe use of solvents such as methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene ia both cold and hot metal-cleaning operations. The toxicity of a solvent cannot be predicted from its chlorine content or chemical stmcture. For example, 1,1,1-trichloroethane is one of the least toxic metal-cleaning solvents and has a recommended threshold limit value (TLV) of 350 ppm. However, the 1,1,2-trichloroethane isomer is one of the more toxic chloriaated hydrocarboas, with a TLV of only 10 ppm. 

As a general rule, use these limits not more than 10 ppm, not more than 0.001 of the dose of any product will appear in the maximum daily dose of another product, and no physical or chemical residue will be visible on the equipment after cleaning procedures have been performed. 

Every clearing and cleaning procedure should have some step or steps to estimate the amount of any hazardous or reactive residual material within the equipment. In addition, there should be some backup plan if the amount of residual appears over a predetermined amount. Smart-thinking tank designers plan ahead. Many more individuals are specifying... 

Accidental release measures Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures. Environmental precautions. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up. 

Bracketing by product should be done only when the products concerned are similar in nature or property and will be processed using the same equipment. Identical cleaning procedures should then be used for these products. 

The incidents related to failures in proper vessel and piping cleaning are common. However, in today s world there are API guidelines and a CSB Safety Bulletin Removal of Hazardous Material from Piping Systems available which can be very helpful to review equipment chemical cleaning procedures such as ... 

This chapter is about the design, quality and application of equipment for the preparation of medicines in a pharmacy or for preparation in small scale pharmaceutical industry. The type of pharmaceutical equipment needed depends on the type of products to be produced, on the required productive capacity and the batch size. A list of essential and critical equipment for production and quality control must be included as attachment in the URS (User Requirements Specification) of any facility. In this chapter only equipment commonly used for preparation in pharmacies and small scale industry is discussed. The equipment, requirements, qualification methods, main applications, maintenance and cleaning procedures are described for ... 

In this chapter we discuss the main applications of equipment that is commonly used in pharmacies and small scale industry as well as the maintenance and cleaning procedures or installation. Small equipment and materials such as volumetric glassware and weighing equipment are described in Chap. 29. Sterilisation and sterile filtration equipment is discussed in Chap. 30. 

The gasification of coal and heavy oil fractions is of high interest. Coal gas produced by gasification mainly consists of CO, H2 and H2O. It can be used for several chemicd processes. In combination with a steam and gas turbine cycle, gasification provides an efficient and clean procedure for raising electricity [1]. Coal gas, however, contains several impurities, such as, dust, halides, hydrogen cyanide and sulfur compounds, mainly H2S and COS. These compounds are poisonous for catalysts used in subsequent processing of the coal gas and corrosive towards the equipment used. Therefore the impurities have to be removed before the coal gas can be used [2]. 

Review of any necessary skills applicable to the work, and training in them, such as a demonstration of any personal protective equipment which may be required and provided for the work (including demonstration of correct fit, method and circumstances of use and cleaning procedures)... 

Distillers employ a somewhat unique process to make various products and have tailored approaches to control and reduce ethyl carbamate to their own particular process. Some of the methods used are the use of copper packing in the rectifying section of stills, increased frequency of cleaning stills and other equipment, and using a cool-down period in the cleaning procedure. Increased rectification also reduces ethyl carbamate. Keeping the system clean is critical to minimising ethyl carbamate. 

Pretreatment For most membrane applications, particularly for RO and NF, pretreatment of the feed is essential. If pretreatment is inadequate, success will be transient. For most applications, pretreatment is location specific. Well water is easier to treat than surface water and that is particularly true for sea wells. A reducing (anaerobic) environment is preferred. If heavy metals are present in the feed even in small amounts, they may catalyze membrane degradation. If surface sources are treated, chlorination followed by thorough dechlorination is required for high-performance membranes [Riley in Baker et al., op. cit., p. 5-29]. It is normal to adjust pH and add antisealants to prevent deposition of carbonates and siillates on the membrane. Iron can be a major problem, and equipment selection to avoid iron contamination is required. Freshly precipitated iron oxide fouls membranes and reqiiires an expensive cleaning procedure to remove. Humic acid is another foulant, and if it is present, conventional flocculation and filtration are normally used to remove it. The same treatment is appropriate for other colloidal materials. Ultrafiltration or microfiltration are excellent pretreatments, but in general they are... 

Use chemical interaction matrices to identify potential incompatibilities between combinations of materials (not just binary reactions) and interactions with cleaning solvents, heat transfer fluids and other utilities, equipment lubricants, scrubbing media, materials of construction, etc. Implement management of change procedures for changes in design, operation, equipment and chemistry. 

Tolling presents a special consideration that can make the training step easier. Typically a toller s technical staff, operators and mechanics are knowledgeable in the basic operations and tasks related to the toller s specialty. For example, experienced operators may know operations of the reactors, columns, exchangers, and packaging equipment quite well. The mechanical personnel may be very familiar with the required safe work practices, equipment cleaning procedures and maintenance tasks for standard vessels and piping. 

CFCs have been widely used as cleaning solvents, as they are nonflammable and their toxicity is low. Now, flammable solvents are coming back into favor. A news item from a manufacturer described "a new ozone-friendly cleaning process for the electronics industry, which "uses a unique hydrocarbon-alcohol formulation. It did not remind readers that the mixture is flammable and that they should check that their equipment and procedures are suitable. 

The synthesis of the packing materials is done by experienced polymer chemists using standardized equipment and procedures. PSS takes special care in cleaning the sorbents after polymerization to achieve constant quality and surface chemistry characteristics. Each production step is checked separately for quality control conformity. 

Tile standard requires tlie preparer to describe tlie precautions for safe handling and use. Tliese include recommended industrial hygiene practices, precautions to be taken during repair and maintenance of equipment, and procedures for cleaning up spills and leaks. Some manufacturers also use Uiis section to include useful itiformation not specifically required by the standard, such as EPA waste disposal tnethods and state atid local requiretnents. 

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