Balancing of costs

Vinyl acetate is another monomer used in latex manufacture for architectural coatings. When copolymerized with butyl acrylate, it provides a good balance of cost and performance. The interior flat latex paint market in North America is almost completely dominated by vinyl acetate—acryHc copolymers. Vinyl acetate copolymers are typicaHy more hydrophilic than aH-acryHc polymers and do not have the same ultraviolet light resistance as acryHcs as a result. 

Phthalate plasticisers have historically served as the preferred plasticisers to impart flexibility to PVC and several other polar polymers. They provide a desirable balance of cost and performance properties. Their acceptable and safe use is unmatched in medical appliances, food processing and packaging applications, as well as many other end uses. Potential alternatives do not have the historical record of acceptable performance found with phthalate plasticisers. Nevertheless, the Precautionary Principle has caused certain segments of society to clamour for alternatives to phthalate plasticisers. Known non-phthalate plasticisers are reviewed, and comparisons to the traditional General Purpose (GP) phthalate plasticisers are provided General Purpose plasticisers are those that impart optimum overall performance properties in PVC at lowest cost. 6 refs. USA... 

For most experiments, there seems to be no particular advantage in restricting the changes in system variables so that system performances can always be compared at equal values of power input in many cases there is not a clear relation between power input and performance. The major controllable variables are such factors as impeller and vessel diameter, and impeller speed it is the relation between these and system performance which must be discovered. Eventually, the power requirement becomes a factor in the usual engineering balance of cost versus level of performance. The experience of manufacturers of mixing equipment can be helpful when it is desired to know the power requirements for a system operating under specified conditions of size, impeller speed, etc. 

The decision of which HCS system to purchase should really be dominated by comparing the trade-offs among the ability of the software to interpret image features as relevant biological events, the time required to develop an assay, the optical resolution, the throughput, and the balance of cost/reliability/service. It is impossible to optimize for all of these axes simultaneously, and therefore, different systems have prioritized different features. 

Of course we assume that there is a zoning board which follows a public interest-type balancing of costs and benefits to set restrictions upon land use. However, in reality zoning boards often appear to be political institutions that tend to introduce restrictions on land use in order to increase the value of the property of the people who elect the board. Thus, zoning will prove to be inefficient if these kinds of classic public choice effect take place. 

Addition of organic modifier strike a balance of cost, retention time, and resolution (see Figure 6.25). 

On the basis of this assessment, techniques, and as far as possible emission and consiunption levels associated with the use of BAT, are presented in this chapter that are considered to be appropriate to the sector as a whole and in many cases reflect current performance of some installations within the sector. Where emission or consumption levels associated with best available techniques are presented, this is to be understood as meaning that these levels represent the environmental performance that could be anticipated as a result of the application, in this sector, of the techniques described, bearing in mind the balance of costs and advantages inherent within the definition of BAT. However, they are neither emission nor eonsumption limit values and should not be understood as sueh. In some cases it may be technically possible to achieve better emission or consumption levels but due to the costs involved or cross-media considerations, they are not considered to be appropriate as BAT for the sector as a whole. However, such levels may be considered to be justified in more specific cases where there are special driving forces. 

Featmes Hard, low cost gives best balance of cost and performance Properties Translucent dens. 8.87 Ib/gal vise. 500 cps pH 8.3 lens. sir. 5100 psi elong. 360% (break) hardness (Sward) 53 VOC 237 g/l 40% solids 9.47% NMP Sancure 843 [Noveon]... 

Apart from economic losses, floods can cause severe societal disruption and loss of life over 1400 people lost their lives in the New Orleans flood. The Dutch government has indicated that it will explicitly consider potential loss of life when deciding on the stringency of new flood safety standards. While loss of life is monetized and included in the financial balance of cost-benefit studies, it is not evaluated separately. In another policy domain, concerned with the safety of those living in the vicinity of major industrial hazards, loss of life is explicitly taken into account in the evaluation of risks to the public. The Dutch government therefore commissioned a study about the... 

Several approaches to compatibilizing PPE blends with commercial polyolefins (polypropylene, etc.) have been reported in the literature (Lee 1990 Kirkpatrick et al. 1989). Simultaneous compatibilization and impact modification of PPE/polypropylene blends was achieved by choosing selected types of styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymers and PPE resin of low molecular weight (Akkapeddi and VanBuskirk 1992). A family of PPE/polypropylene alloys were commercially launched by G.E. in 2001, under the Noryl PPX trade name, and these are now sold by Sabic. Typical properties of a commercial PPE/PP blend are shown in Table 19.32. These PPE/PP blends are claimed to offer a balance of cost and performance between the TPOs and other higher-cost engineering thermoplastics such as nylons, modified PET, and PBT resins. Basically, the PPE/PP blends offer a balance of key properties stiffness, toughness, chemical, and heat resistance. 

The choice of a more preferred mode of travel, as a result of shifting the balance of costs and benefits between alternative modes of travel. As an example, you may take the car instead of the bus if roads are cleared more effectively of snow or ice. 

Some of these factors oppose one another, and the balance of costs should now be examined even if the search only shows that the original choice was best, it would prove that the most competitive reactor has been chosen. 

PEN is a slow crystallizing polymer. PEN has good transparency, enhanced deflection temperature under load compared to PET, very low gas and water permeation. Targeted applications are in areas that requires transparency, heat resistance, or chemical resistance. These include returnable bottles, cosmetic containers, plastic dinnerware, and health-care product containers. In addition, PEN can be blended with PET to enhance the performance of PET to give a good balance of cost and performance, improved moisture and gas barrier, heat resistance, increased UV-ray absorption. 

Final selection of a solvent for a nitrile rubber cement will be determined, in addition to effective solvent action, by such factors as availability, cost, toxicity, odor, flammability, and rate of evaporation. Some solvent mixtures which have been recommended for use with nitrile rubbers to achieve a desired balance of cost, evaporation rate, and good solvent action are given in Table 4. Since many of these sol-... 

Given the significant impact on cost of natural cement use, one may conclude that the mixtures actually used represented a considered balance of cost versus performance benefits. In a variety of applications from the 1850s to the early 1900s, it can be seen that while structures subject to immersion in... 

Above all, to find the often cited balance of cost, performance and durability for the particular PEFC sealing application in mind, much more fundamental work has to be carried out. 

The HSWA established the Health and Safety Commission (HSC) and the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). Whilst the HSC defines policy, the HSE is responsible for the day to day monitoring and enforcing of the HSWA. The HSE has delegated powers to serve Improvement Notices (requires remedial action) and Prohibition Notices (stops a process). Failure to comply can lead to prosecution. The HSWA affects product safety as well as workplace safety and is based on the as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP ) principle, where practicable refers to what is possible to do, and reasonable requires a balance of costs, time, and trouble against the risk. 

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