Image interpretation

This study describes one stage of a soft tool realisation, which facilitate and improve the task of the expert for x-ray image interpretation and decision-making. We are interested by tbe first four stages of this flow chart. 

The SEM provides the investigator with a highly magnified image of the surface of a material that is very similar to what one would expect if one could actually see the surface visually. This tends to simplify image interpretations considerably, but... 

Figure 4, Area of benzene covered gold (111). surface, for two different objective len.s defooi a.s required for unique image interpretation (see 2 ). Tri a) the gold atomic columns are black, in b) white. Moire fringes, rather than any true structural image, result from the benzene monolayer. Simulations (right) have benzene overlay on top surface only.

Quantitative image interpretation is therefore a challenging task. Nevertheless, a set of useful information on the particle crystalline structures (including defects) and on their size can be obtained, and this explains why HREM technique is one of the most used and well established in the framework of nanoparticle studies [14-16,97] as an example. Figure 4 shows which kind of information can be obtained. 

Even if we forget, for a moment, the overlap problem and assume that we obtained a pure sensitized emission image, interpretation of this image is still ambiguous. That is because first, the intensity of S varies linearly with the excitation intensity and with the detector sensitivity. The exact same preparation will, when measured on a different microscope, yield different s.e. intensities. In fact, as much as renewing the arc lamp would impede comparison of results obtained on the same microscope. Second, the interpretation... 

Lillesand, T.M., Kiefer, R.W., Chipman, J. W. 2007. Remote sensing and Image Interpretation, 6th Edition, Chapter seven Digital image interpretation and analysis, pp. 482-623. 

Atom resolution images can be obtained in particles with diameter down to 100 A. This technique can be extremely important in particle characterization. However in order to obtain usefull information from atomic images, computer calculations are required for proper image interpretation. 

D. Gingell and I. Todd, Interference reflection microscopy. A quantitative theory for image interpretation and its application to cell-substratum separation measurement, Biophys. J. 26, 507-526 (1979). 

Regardless of whether the non-imaging of a species is due to preferential field evaporation or to preferential field ionization, the distinguisha-bility of alloy components in ordered alloys makes much easier the identification of lattice defects and of all types of domains, such as orientational and translational domains, and the discernment of order-disorder phase boundaries in ordered alloys, as well as facilitating the study of clustering and order-disorder phase transformation, etc.88 In most cases, image interpretations become self-obvious. For example in PtCo, which has the LI 0 structure, a Co layer can be distinguished from a... 

For reviews of earlier FIM works on ordered alloys, image interpretations,... 

Lillesand, T.M.M. and R.W. Kiefer Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 4th Edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc, New York, NY, 1999. 

Lesion conspicuity is often better on DWI than on ADC maps, which is the reason why DWI images are preferred by many neuroradiologists for clinical image interpretation. DWI alone may be sufficient in most cases, but differentiation from T2 shine-through effects can be difficult, particularly with... 

In electron microscopy as in any field of optics the overall contrast is due to differential absorption of photons or particles (amplitude contrast) or diffraction phenomena (phase contrast). The method provides identification of phases and structural information on crystals, direct images of surfaces and elemental composition and distribution (see Section H below). Routine applications, however, may be hampered by complexities of image interpretation and by constraints on the type and preparation of specimens and on the environment within the microscope. 

---