Bacterial cytotoxicity

Organotellnrium compounds, such as telluranthrene, diphenylditelluride and some sub-stitnted derivatives, demonstrated bacterial cytotoxicity and capacity to induce apoptotic cell death in eukaryotic HL-60 cells... 

Telluranthrene 158 and compound 159 demonstrated bacterial cytotoxicity and a capacity to induce apoptotic cell death in eukaryotic HL-60 cells. The EC50 values for telluranthrene 158 and diphenyl ditelluride 160 were 196 and 33 pM, respectively. The series of organotellurium compounds 142, 144, 151, and 161 function as selective inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase and have potential antitumor effects. They were good noncompetitive inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase. 

Bae E, Park HI, Lee J, Kim Y, Yoon J, Park K, Choi K, Yi J (2010) Bacterial cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticle related to physicochemical metrics and agglomeration properties. Environ Toxicol Chem 29 2154-2160... 

Cerium toxicity has been previously studied in its Ce form, and, more recently, a mechanism of cerium uptake by fibroblasts was proposed. Cerium oxide is indeed used in its nanometric form as an exhaust gas catalyst, and, when the nanoparticles are diluted, they form a dispersion of individual nanoparticles. To study the impact of nanoparticles through a water path and describes the interaction between a water dispersion of nanoparticles and a model bacteria. Thill et al. selected cerium oxide as the model nanoparticles, and E. coli was chosen as a widely used model organism. They found that (1) a large amount of Ce02 NPs can be adsorbed on the E. coli outer membrane (2) the speciation of the NPs is significantly modified after adsorption (3) the adsorption of the NPs and their reduction are associated with a significant bacterial cytotoxicity and (4) the toxicity of the NPs is prevented when they are put into contact with the bacteria in the presence of the growth medium. 

IL-l radiation/cytotoxic injury bacterial infection rodent... 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

Tissue Culture Assay. Kogure et al. (48) report a novel tissue culture assay for detecting several types of sodium channel blockers. The mouse neuroblastoma cell line ATCC CCL 131 is grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 13.5% fetal bovine serum and 100 pg/ml gentamycin, in an atmosphere of 5% C0 95% air at 37 C. Ninety-six well plates are seeded with 1 x 10 cells in 200 pi of medium containing 1 mM ouabain and 0.075 mM veratridine. Veratridine and ouabain cause neuroblastoma cells to round-up and die. In the presence of sodium channel blockers (e.g., TTXs or STXs), the lethal action of veratridine is obviated and cells retain normal morphology and viability. An important feature of this assay is that a positive test for sodium channel blockers results in normal cell viability. Since bacterial extracts can contain cytotoxic components, this assay offers an advantage over tests that use cell death as an endpoint. The minimum detectable level of TTX is approximately 3 nM, or approximately 1/1000 mouse unit. 

Vaccination to induce an adaptive immune response is expected for a broad range of infectious diseases and cancers. Traditional vaccines are mainly composed of live attenuated viruses, whole inactivated pathogens, or inactivated bacterial toxins. In general, these approaches have been successful for developing vaccines that can induce an immune response based on antigen-specific antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses, which kill host cells infected with intracellular organisms (Fig. 1) [1,2], One of the most important current issues in vaccinology is the need for new adjuvants (immunostimulants) and delivery systems. Many of the vaccines currently in development are based on purified subunits, recombinant... 

Epothilones A, B and E (4,5 and 6) (Fig. 2) are representative members of a new class of bacterially derived natural products which exhibit potent biological activity. Isolated by Hofle and coworkers [6] from a soil sample collected near the Zambesi river, the compounds have provided a great deal of excitement in the scientific community due to their potent cytotoxicity against a number of multiple drug-resistant tumor cell lines and because of the mechanism by which they exert this effect. Like Taxol [7], the epothilones promote the combination of a- and 3-tubulin subunits and stabilize the resulting microtubule structures. This mode of action inhibits the cell division process and is, therefore, an attractive strategy for cancer chemotherapy [7,8]. 

The neutrophil constitutes the first line of defence in protecting the host from invading bacterial and fungal pathogens. It is a highly potent cytotoxic cell and possesses an armoury of antimicrobial proteins and biochemical pathways that can be used in this protective role. 

Carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2, glutamate carboxypeptidase, EC 3.4.17.11) is a bacterial enzyme not produced in mammalian cells. It has been used with promising success to target cytotoxic alkylating agents to tumor cells [60][61]. In a series of studies, a CPG2 monoclonal antibody con-... 

Fig. 8.17. Mechanism of bioactivation of self-immolative carbamate prodrugs of cytotoxic amines. A bacterial nitroreductase coupled to a tumor-directed antibody reduces the prodrug to a hydroxylamine (Reaction a), which breaks down spontaneously to liberate the antitumor...

Lachance, B., Robideux, P. Y., Hawaii, J., Ampleman, G., Thiboutot, S., and Sunahara, G. I., 1999, Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of energetic compounds on bacterial and mammalian cells in vitro, Mutat. Res. 444 25-39. 

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