Back pain derivatives

Chymopapain [9001 -90-6] derived from the latex of the papaya tree, produces improvement in lower back pain and sciatica in the majority (75%) of recipients (185—189) when injected into the lumbar intervertebral disks of patients suffering from herniated disk (the nucleus pulposus). This treatment degrades the proteoglycans of the diseased nucleus pulposus, resulting in shrinkage of the disk and reduction of pressure on the nerve roots (190). 

Benzoic acid derivatives Repaglinide (Prandin) Nateglinide (Starlix) Similar to the sulfonylureas Hypoglycemia bronchitis upper respiratory tract infections joint and back pain gastrointestinal disturbances headache... 

Proglumetacin, an indoleacetic acid derivative, is particularly associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects in different trials 18-41% of patients had adverse effects, but not to the extent that they interfered with treatment. Comparisons of proglumetacin with indometacin and oxy-phenbutazone showed that it is equally effective and usually better tolerated (SEDA-5, 103). In an uncontrolled, open, multicenter, short-term study in patients with cervical or low back pain treated with proglumetacin, the most frequent adverse effects were gastrointestinal, while adverse effects on the nervous system were rare (1). 

Chloroprocaine (nesacaine), an ester local anesthetic, is a chlorinated derivative of procaine with rapid onset, short duration of action, and reduced acute toxicity due to rapid metabolism (plasma tj 25 seconds). A higher-than-expected incidence of muscular back pain following epidural anesthesia with 2-chloroprocaine has been reported this back pain is thought to be due to tetany in the paraspinus muscles, which may be a consequence of binding by the EDTA included as... 

Diagnostic studies on oligoclonal IgG, however, are better carried out by two-dimensional analysis. Characteristic changes in CSF proteins derived from the CNS have been associated with CNS disorders such as amytrophic lateral sclerosis and Fluntingdon s chorea. Increased ai-haptoglobin levels are associated with Alzheimer s disease and schizophrenia and an increase in apolipoprotein E with low back pain. The establishment of two-dimensional databases of CSF proteins will be of considerable... 

The most frequently reported adverse events are headache, polycythemia, tiredness, common cold, diarrhea, nausea, stomach pains, chest pressure sensation, back pain, leg pain, and dizziness, as confirmed in a phase I open bioequivalence parallel group study of two recombinant human epoetin alfa products the pattern of the adverse events revealed no relevant differences between the erythropoietin derivatives [95 ]. Patients who were randomized to early intervention with immediate epoetin alfa (n = 68) or to standard intervention with epoetin alfa (n = 68), and a further 50 who were not randomized, pain, injection-site pain, bone pain, and deep vein thrombosis were observed [96 ]. 

No drugs have been a more faithful companion to man throughout his history than salicylates, the forebears of aspirin. About 3,500 years ago the Ebers Papyrus recommended the application of a decoction of leaves of myrtle to the abdomen and back to get rid of rheumatic pains. Hippocrates championed the juices of the poplar tree and willow bark to treat fever and labor pains. These plants and trees are abimdant in compounds derived from salicylic acid, which gets its name from them (in Latin salix is a willow tree). For thousands of years on all continents they have helped to... 

The search for chemical compounds that will cure disease, alleviate pain, or otherwise extend human life and make it more comfortable and pleasurable has been a part of human culture as far back as we know. Those who practice forms of traditional medicine have, over the centuries, developed extensive and sophisticated pharmacopoeias that contain many such compounds extracted from plants, animals, and minerals in their surrounding environments. Modern medical researchers have developed their own treasure chests of drugs, many of which have been derived from traditional medicines, and many others of which have been synthesized from basic materials, often by way of complex chemical reactions. Even after thousands of years of drug research, however, healers are not completely satisfied with the armory of chemicals available for their use. People are constantly searching for new compounds that will act more efficiently and more safely than existing pharmaceuticals and for substances with which to combat new forms of disease. 

Pain and fear of pain are perhaps the most powerful of aversive stimuli and the most immediately important for survival since they carry the threat of tissue damage. Melzack and Wall (1988) described three components of pain sensory-discriminative from peripheral nociceptors, emotional or motivational-affective, involving limbic system punishment pathways, and rational or cognitive-evaluative derived from cerebral cortex. Excitatory and inhibitory feed-back systems link all components. 

Meanwhile, opium had been joined by other narcotics. Back in 1805 a German pharmacist s assistant had discovered how to isolate its main ingredient, morphine. A preparation of morphine is about 10 times as potent as raw opium. In 1832, another morphine derivative called codeine was isolated. By the 1850s, a more effective way to administer these powerful narcotics was developed—the hypodermic needle. During the American Civil War, battlefield surgeons had one effective way to relieve the pain of a shattered limb or punctured lung—an injection of morphine. Soldiers who survived their wounds after this treatment often became addicted to the drug. Morphine addiction was thus sometimes referred to as the soldier s disease. ... 

Pain involving muscles and bones is most often treated with salicylates. The name is derived from the Latin salix, meaning willow, which harks back to the Greek practice 2400 years ago of using extracts of the willow tree, Filipendula ulmaria, with coriander, Coriandrum sativum, for the treatment of pain, gout, and other conditions. Some 2000 years later, Native Americans were... 

Hydromorphone and its natural opioid relatives have been used to relieve pain, treat a variety of ailments, and create euphoric feelings at least as far back as the time of the ancient Greeks. In early Greek history, the priests controlled the use of opium and ascribed to it supernatural powers. In the fifth century bc, Hippocrates, the father of medicine, dismissed the supernatural attributes of opium. Hippocrates believed opium had cathartic, narcotic, hypnotic, and styptic properties. He believed that all diseases had a natural origin and could be cured by natural therapies. All of the natural opiates historically were derived from opium poppy plants. The liquid extracted from the poppy seeds was typically dried to create a concentrated powder. These extracts were then smoked, eaten, or drank. 

Use of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) to ameliorate pain dates back thousands of years, and the active metabolite morphine (2) was isolated first from its extracts in 1806 followed by codeine (53) in 1832 (27, 28). Morphine and its derivatives are agonists of opiate receptors in the central nervous system and are some of the most effective pain relievers known and prescribed for postoperative pain. Morphine and codeine differ by substitution by methyl ether. Unfortunately, addictive properties of these compounds limit their use. Efforts have been made to reduce the addictive properties of morphine, which resulted in a semisynthetic derivative buprenorphine (54) (29). This compound is 25 to 50 times more potent than morphine with lower addictive potential and has been indicated for use by morphine addicts. 

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