Automated analysis, analytical chemistry

Webb KL, Wood L (1967) Improved techniques for analysis of free amino acids in seawater. In Scova NB et al. (eds) Automation in analytical chemistry. Technicon Symposium 1966, Vol. 1. Mediad Inc., New York pp 440-444... 

G9. Green, S., Giovanniello, T. J., and Fishman, W. H., Automated differential analysis of several serum phosp tase isoenzymes. In Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1, pp. 480-48)8. Mediad Inc., White Plains, New York, 1967. 

A3. Antonis, A., Automated techniques in serum lipid analysis. Paper presented at Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Technicon International Symposium, 1964. 

H.C. Pitot, N. Pries, M. Poirier, A. Cutler, Rate analysis of enzyme reactions by continuous and interrupted flow procedure, in Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Media Press, New York, 1966, pp. 555—558. in A.W. Skillen, Automation of enzyme assays, J. Clin. Pathol. SI-4 (1970) 31. 

G. D. Christian and J. E. O Reilley, eds.. Instrumental Analysis, 2nd ed. Boston Allyn and Bacon, 1986. Chapter 25, Automation in Analytical Chemistry, by K. S. Fletcher and N. C. Alpert. Provides an excellent detailed but brief description of various types and operations of automated and automatic instruments. 

Webb, K.L. and Wood, L., 1967. Improved techniques for analysis of free amino acids in sea water. In N.B. Scova et al. (Editors), Automation in Analytical Chemistry, Tech-nicon Symposium, 1966. Mediad, New York, N.Y., 1 440—444. 

Figeys, D., Gygi, S. R, McKinnon, G, and Aebersold, R., An integrated microfluidics tandem mass spectrometry system for automated protein analysis. Analytical Chemistry, 70, 3728-3734,... 

Although Meinke (603) points out that automation in analytical chemistry is most desirable to remove the drawbacks of radiochemical separations in activation analysis, many other analysts who use activation analysis for trace element determinations in biological materials continue effective research on separation systems for a single element or a small group of elements with similar chemical characteristics for example, the methods and techniques in the publication by Gorsuch (338) have been used by many analysts in their activation analysis determinations of trace elements. Other successful microchemical techniques used in activation analysis have been described by Pijck and Hoste (713), Sion, Hoste, and Gillis (858), Girardi and Merlini (331), and Smales and Mapper (864). 

Zamfir, A. Vakhrushev, S. Sterling, A. Niebel, H. J. Allen, M. Peter-Katalinic, J. FuUy automated chip-based mass spectrometry for complex carbohydrate system analysis. Analytical Chemistry 2004, 76, 2046-54. 

Table 1.15). Progress in polymer/additive analysis is a combination of few instrumental breakthroughs and many evolutions in mature techniques. The rapid development of automated instrumentation over the past 15 years has heralded a renaissance in analytical chemistry, and offers more reliable and rapid forms of analyte detection.

Figures 4.31(c), 4.36 and 13.3 from Snyder and Kirkland, Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography, 2nd edn., (1979) 9.41(a), (b) and (c) from Cooper, Spectroscopic Techniques for Organic Chemists (1980) 9.46 from Millard, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry (1978) 4.17, 4.18, 4.31 (a), 4.33, 4.34(a), 4.37, 4.38, 4.43 and 4.45 from Smith, Gas and Liquid Chromatography in Analytical Chemistry (1988) figures 4.42 and 13.2 from Berridge, Techniques for the Automated Optimisation of Hplc Separations (1985) reproduced by permission of John Wiley and Sons Limited 11.1, 11.5, 11.6, 11.12, 11.13, 11.14, 11.18 and 11.19 from Wendlandt, Thermal Analysis, 3rd edn., (1986) reprinted by permission of John Wiley and Sons Inc., all rights reserved.

Biomedical analytical chemistry happens to be one of the latest disciplines which essentially embraces the principles and techniques of both analytical chemistry and biochemistry. It has often been known as clinical chemistry . This particular aspect of analytical chemistry has gained significant cognizance in the recent past by virtue of certain important techniques being included very much within its scope of analysis, namely colorimetric assays, enzymic assays, radioimmunoassays and automated methods of clinical analysis. 

Part—I has three chapters that exclusively deal with General Aspects of pharmaceutical analysis. Chapter 1 focuses on the pharmaceutical chemicals and their respective purity and management. Critical information with regard to description of the finished product, sampling procedures, bioavailability, identification tests, physical constants and miscellaneous characteristics, such as ash values, loss on drying, clarity and color of solution, specific tests, limit tests of metallic and non-metallic impurities, limits of moisture content, volatile and non-volatile matter and lastly residue on ignition have also been dealt with. Each section provides adequate procedural details supported by ample typical examples from the Official Compendia. Chapter 2 embraces the theory and technique of quantitative analysis with specific emphasis on volumetric analysis, volumetric apparatus, their specifications, standardization and utility. It also includes biomedical analytical chemistry, colorimetric assays, theory and assay of biochemicals, such as urea, bilirubin, cholesterol and enzymatic assays, such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, salient features of radioimmunoassay and automated methods of chemical analysis. Chapter 3 provides special emphasis on errors in pharmaceutical analysis and their statistical validation. The first aspect is related to errors in pharmaceutical analysis and embodies classification of errors, accuracy, precision and makes... 

The use of the Zymate Laboratory Automation System allows the standardization and automation of many routine operations in an analytical chemistry laboratory. It additionally allows for a closing of the analytical automation loop of sample preparation and analysis therefore potentially decreasing the need for personnel with a resultant increase in productivity. These operations include, but are not limited to, weighing, pipetting, diluting, blending, heating, liquid-solid extraction, and filtration. 

Trends in mass spectrometry focus on the improvement of instrumentation, of several techniques in order to minimize sample volume, to improve sensitivity and to reduce detection limits. This is combined with increasing the speed of several analyses, with automation of analytical procedures and subsequently reducing the price of analysis. A minimizing of sample volumes means a reduction of waste volume with the aim of developing green chemistry . Furthermore, new analytical techniques involve a development of quantification procedures to improve the accuracy and precision of analytical data. Special attention in future will be given to the development of hyphenated mass spectrometric techniques for speciation analysis and of surface analytical techniques with improved lateral resolution in the nm scale range. 

This area of analytical chemistry includes a great number of instruments that range from colour comparators and other visual comparison devices to automated spectrophotometers that can carry out multicomponent analysis. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis have accelerated the development of improved UV/Visible detectors, which are at the origin of the current mode of acquiring chromatograms, accompanied by the possibility of identification and quantification of compounds. 

Other approaches for presenting information to facilitate the visualization of meaningful patterns for rapid decision involve combinatorial chemistry-related applications. For example, methods for the analysis of combinatorial chemistry-derived samples provide visual representations of the 96-well plate (Figure 5.5) (Yates et al., 2001). Following the LC/MS analysis, an automated analysis is performed, according to preestablished thresholds to search for the protonated molecule ion of the analyte. If the ion is found, then the visual representation of the corresponding well is marked with a distinguishing color scheme. In this way, the scientist quickly inspects the visual representation to make decisions. 

One of the major advances in analytical chemistry in recent decades has been the emergence on the market of automated systems for analysis (automatic analyzers), which provide analytical data with minimal operator intervention. Automation implies the partial or complete replacement of human involvement in an operation or sequence of operations. The monographs by Valcarcel and Luque de Castro49 offer detailed descriptions of automatic analyzers. 

Spreadsheet Summary In the first exercise in Chapter 3 of Applications of Microsoft Excel in Analytical Chemistry, we use Excel to perform the t test for comparing two means assuming equal variances of the two data sets. We first manually calculate the value of t and compare it with the critical value obtained from Excel s function TINV(). We obtain the probability from Excel s TDIST() function. Then, we use Excel s built-in function TTEST() for the same test. Finally, we employ Excel s Analysis ToolPak to automate the t test with equal variances. 

The main focus of applications in environmental analytical chemistry is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of anions and cations in all kinds of water [3-8], For example, the anions chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, orthophosphate, and sulfate, from the concentration of which the water quality depends, may be separated and determined in less than ten minutes. In a simple drinking water analysis of the main components (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), it is possible, as illustrated in Fig. 8-1, to carry out a determination every three minutes. The high sensitivity of this method (detection limit with a direct injection of 50 pL sample ca. 10 ppb) and the possibility for automation contributed much to the rapid spreading of ion chromatography as an analytical tool. 

---