Atomic fluorescence spectrometry flame

Winefordner JD, Parsons ML, Mansfield JM, McCarthy WJ (1967) Derivation of expressions for calculation of limiting detectable atomic concentration in atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry. Anal Chem 39 436... 

Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra of the two sodium D lines in an air-acetylene flame, (a) In the excitation spectrum, the laser was scanned, (to) In the emission spectrum, the monochromator was scanned. The monochromator slit width was the same for both spectra. [From s. J. Weeks, H. Haraguchl, and J. D. Wlnefordner, Improvement of Detection Limits in Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry," Anal. Chem. 1976t 50,360.]... 

Mansfield, J. M., J. D. Winefordner, and C. Veillon High Sensitivity Determination of Zinc, Cadmium, Mercury, Thallium, Gallium, and Indium by Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 37, 1049 (1965). 

W17. Winefordner, J. D., and Staab, R. A., Determination of zinc, cadmium, and mercury by atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 36, 165-168 (1964). 

J.R. Sarbeck, P.A. St. John, J.D. Winefordner, Measurement of microsamples in atomic emission and atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry, Mikrochim. Acta 1 (1972) 55. 

Vickers, T.J. and Merrick, S.P. (1968) Determination of part-per-milliard concentration of mercury by atomic-fluorescence flame spectrometry. Talanta, 15,873-876. 

Winefordner and co-workers (9, 16, 20, 22) have developed the theory of atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry most extensively. The integrated intensity of atomic fluorescence. If, in w-sec./cm. -ster. for low concentrations of absorbing atoms is given by the following equation ... 

As of this time, atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry has not been reported as having been applied to any specific analytical problem. One can readily ascertain that it should be apphcable in many areas where atomic absorption is commonly used. In addition, for the analysis of multiple elements in a single sample, for example cations in water, atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry incorporating a xenon arc source should have major advantages. 

Atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry is receiving increased attention as a potential tool for the trace analysis of inorganic ions. Studies to date have indicated that limits of detection comparable or superior to those currently obtainable with atomic absorption or flame emission methods are frequently possible for elements whose emission lines are in the ultraviolet. The use of a continuum source, such as the high-pressure xenon arc, has been successful, although the limits of detection obtainable are not usually as low as those obtained with intense line sources. However, the xenon source can be used for the analysis of several elements either individually or by scanning a portion of the spectruin. Only chemical interferences are of concern they appear to be qualitatively similar for both atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence. With the current development of better sources and investigations into devices other than flames for sample introduction, further improvements in atomic fluorescence spectroscopy are to be expected. 

The photochemical reactor used for microwave-assisted experiments is an essential tool for experimental work. Such equipment enables simultaneous irradiation of the sample with both MW and UV-visible radiation. The idea of using an electrodeless lamp, in which the discharge is powered by the MW field, for photochemistry was born half a century ago [53, 62]. The lamp was originally proposed as a source of UV radiation only, without considering the effects of microwaves on photochemical reactions. The first applications of EDL were connected with the construction of a high-intensity source of UV radiation for atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry [88-90]. 

From N. Omenetto and G. Rossi, Atomic Fluorescence Flame Spectrometry Using a Mercury Line Source, Anal. Chimica Acta, 40, 195 (1968). Used by permission of Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. 

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion. The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements when using flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon induction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphoms-31. 

The scope of this review Is limited to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with emphasis upon Its clinical applications. This article Is Intended to supplement the recent treatises on the basic technique which have been written by Aggett and Sprott ( ) > Ingle ( ), Klrkbrlght (34), Price (63), and Woodrlff (83). This resume does not consider various related topics, such as (a) atomic fluorescence or emission spectrometry (b) non-flame atomization devices which employ direct current... 

Both emission and absorption spectra are affected in a complex way by variations in atomisation temperature. The means of excitation contributes to the complexity of the spectra. Thermal excitation by flames (1500-3000 K) only results in a limited number of lines and simple spectra. Higher temperatures increase the total atom population of the flame, and thus the sensitivity. With certain elements, however, the increase in atom population is more than offset by the loss of atoms as a result of ionisation. Temperature also determines the relative number of excited and unexcited atoms in a source. The number of unexcited atoms in a typical flame exceeds the number of excited ones by a factor of 103 to 1010 or more. At higher temperatures (up to 10 000 K), in plasmas and electrical discharges, more complex spectra result, owing to the excitation to more and higher levels, and contributions of ionised species. On the other hand, atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, which require excitation by absorption of UV/VIS radiation, mainly involve resonance transitions, and result in very simple spectra. 

Auger electron spectroscopy Phosphorous/nitrogen-selective alkali/flame ionisation detector Atomic force microscopy Atomic fluorescence spectrometry All-glass heated inlet system... 

The basic instrumentation used for spectrometric measurements has already been described in the previous chapter (p. 277). Methods of excitation, monochromators and detectors used in atomic emission and absorption techniques are included in Table 8.1. Sources of radiation physically separated from the sample are required for atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (cf. molecular absorption spectrometry), whereas in flame photometry, arc/spark and plasma emission techniques, the sample is excited directly by thermal means. Diffraction gratings or prism monochromators are used for dispersion in all the techniques including X-ray fluorescence where a single crystal of appropriate lattice dimensions acts as a grating. Atomic fluorescence spectra are sufficiently simple to allow the use of an interference filter in many instances. Photomultiplier detectors are used in every technique except X-ray fluorescence where proportional counting or scintillation devices are employed. Photographic recording of a complete spectrum facilitates qualitative analysis by optical emission spectrometry, but is now rarely used. 

Total dissolved Fe and Mn were analyzed directly by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). As was measured by AAS with hydride generation (HG-FIAS). Total dissolved Se concentrations were determined by hydride-generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (Chen etal., 2005). 

Analytical Techniques Atomic absorption spectrometry, 158, 117 multielement atomic absorption methods of analysis, 158, 145 ion microscopy in biology and medicine, 158, 157 flame atomic emission spectrometry, 158, 180 inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry, 158, 190 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, 158, 205 atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 158, 222 electrochemical methods of analysis, 158, 243 neutron activation analysis, 158, 267. 

Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry. A spectroscopic technique related to some of the types mentioned above is atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). Like atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), AFS requires a light source separate from that of the heated flame cell. This can be provided, as in AAS, by individual (or multielement lamps), or by a continuum source such as xenon arc or by suitable lasers or combination of lasers and dyes. The laser is still pretty much in its infancy but it is likely that future development will cause the laser, and consequently the many spectroscopic instruments to which it can be adapted to, to become increasingly popular. Complete freedom of wavelength selection still remains a problem. Unlike AAS the light source in AFS is not in direct line with the optical path, and therefore, the radiation emitted is a result of excitation by the lamp or laser source. 

Emission Spectrometry DCPAES = Direct Current Plasma Emission Spectrometry FAFS = Flame Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry FAAS = Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. 

A number of techniques have been used for the speciation of arsenic compounds. The most important has been the formation of volatile hydrides of several species, separation by gas chromatography and detection by AAS. HPLC has been used to separate arsenic species. Several types of detectors have been studied for the determination of arsenic species in the column effluent. These have included AAS both off- and on-line, ICPAES and ICP-MS. An important comparative study of coupled chromatography-atomic spectrometry methods for the determination of arsenic was published (Ebdon et al., 1988). Both GC and HPLC were used as separative methods, and the detectors were FAAS, flame atomic fluorescence spectrometry (FAFS) and ICPAES. The conclusions were (1) that hydride generation and cryogenic trapping with GC-FAAS was the most... 

Omenetto, N., Benetti, P., and Rossi, G., Flame temperature measurements by means of atomic fluorescence spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta, 27B, 253, 1972. 

Notes HG-AAS, Aydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry HG-AFS, /tydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry FI-CV-AAS, flow-injection cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry FAAS,flame atomic absorption spectrometry GF-AAS, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and ET-AAS, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Flame Spectrometry in Environmental Chemical Analysis A Practical Guide is a simple, user-friendly guide to safe flame spectrometric methods for environmental samples. It explains key processes involved in achieving accurate and reliable results in atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry and flame emission spectrometry, showing the inter-relationship of the three techniques, and their relative importance. 

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