Photographic Records

The front and back of each coupon, as well as the overall assembled rack, were photographed. A photograph of the coupons of rack 2 is shown in Fig. 7.2. Comparative examination of these photographs revealed the following  

This section presents the conclusions drawn on the basis of the work carried out during the CRP by the participants from CIAE. 

Basin water chemistry and radioactivity monitoring showed that the basin water of the CIAE research reactor is quite good. The main parameters having a significant effect on corrosion attack are as follows  

Corrosion of the coupons is sensitive to water quality. It is therefore important to control water quality in the spent fuel storage basin. The results of visual inspection and metallographic analyses revealed that corrosion attack also increased with duration of immersion in optimum quality basin water. 

The aluminium coupon surfaces gradually turned dull and this increased with immersion time. The outer surface of almost every aluminium alloy coupon was covered with a dark grey layer consisting of a relatively thin oxide film. This oxide film protects the coupon from further corrosion. The facing surfaces of all the crevice and galvanic couples appeared stained or showed white/grey spots that were loosely adhered. This could have been a kind of scale formed by the water. 

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It is worthy of mention that the rotation photographs yield information substantiating the choice of FJ as the correct space-group. Thus no reflections occurred from (100), 300, 500, 700, 900, 11-0-0, 13-0-0, 301, 501, 701, 901, 11-0-1, 401, 601, 801, 10 0-1, 12-0-1, etc. on one photograph recorded in Table V, although planes of all these forms were in positions favorable to reflection. Similar failures to reflect were observed on the other photographs. 

Many photographic records of fhe flow made using the schlieren technique have revealed its very high... 

The prototype test results are correlated by using the operating parameters directly, while the basic study test results (including photographic records and experimental measurements) are used in microscopic analysis based on the local flow characteristics and their constitutive correlations. 

Cumo et al. (1969) reported that the pressure effect on the bubble diameter is linear in a Freon-114 flow, as shown in Figure 5.43. They tested the two-phase Freon-114 flow in a vertical rectangular test section at a mass flux of 100 g/cm2 s (0.737 x 106 lb/ft2 hr). The average bubble diameters at various system pressures were obtained from high-speed photographic recordings. The effect of reduced pressure, p pci, on the average diameter of Freon bubbles is correlated as... 

Fig. 15.5 Long-exposure photographs recorded for argon-saturated water (a) and luminol solution (b) and (c) 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution. The emission spectra in (d) are from pure argon-saturated water and 10 mM SDS solution. Note the sodium D line at 589 nm. In this experiment, sonication was performed at 159 kHz...

The basic instrumentation used for spectrometric measurements has already been described in the previous chapter (p. 277). Methods of excitation, monochromators and detectors used in atomic emission and absorption techniques are included in Table 8.1. Sources of radiation physically separated from the sample are required for atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (cf. molecular absorption spectrometry), whereas in flame photometry, arc/spark and plasma emission techniques, the sample is excited directly by thermal means. Diffraction gratings or prism monochromators are used for dispersion in all the techniques including X-ray fluorescence where a single crystal of appropriate lattice dimensions acts as a grating. Atomic fluorescence spectra are sufficiently simple to allow the use of an interference filter in many instances. Photomultiplier detectors are used in every technique except X-ray fluorescence where proportional counting or scintillation devices are employed. Photographic recording of a complete spectrum facilitates qualitative analysis by optical emission spectrometry, but is now rarely used. 

Recording microscope co-ordinates of cells is necessary and allows verification of abnormal cells. A photographic record is also useful of cells with aberrations. Two hundred cells (100 from each of two replicates) should be scored per treatment group. When ambiguous results are obtained, there may be further blind reading of these samples. 

A photographic record showing the various spots and the colours on the TLC plate at the different stages may be useful. However this is not actually essential if proper notes are made. The limitations of photography also need to be home in mind it can be difficult to produce photographs that accurately reproduce the colours of pale and fugitive subjects. An alternative can be to have a second scientist view the plates and make confirmatory notes, thereby reducing the scope for later doubt. 

Shellac, which was used by Edison for molding his first photograph records and is still used as an alcoholic solution (spirit varnish) for coating wood, is a cross-linked polymer consisting largely of derivatives of aleuritic acid (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid). Shellac is excreted by small coccid insects Coccus lacca), which feed on the twigs of trees in Southeast Asia. Over 2 million insects must be dissolved in ethanol to produce 1 kg of shellac. 

If the confining material is a solid or liquid, it is quite possible for the shock wave set up in the environment to travel faster than the deton wave. As the shock waves in condensed surroundings are not luminous, they do not obscure the deton traces. An exception to this occurs when shock waves are more intense than the deton waves developed in normal expls, as for example when confining envelope consists of a friable transparent material like glass. Here the shock wave may exceed 5300m/sec, and immediate fracture of the glass may occur ahead of the deton wave the internal reflections from the cracks then seriously interfere with the photographic record of the deton wave (Ref 7, p 31)... 

The format or film size, shape and dimension, runs the full range of photographic recording. Early streak cameras consisted of a large strip of film wrapped around a drum electrically driven to rotate at a high speed. (See diagram taken from Ref 26)... 

US Govt Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1968 A.S. Dubovik, Photographic Recording of... 

Flame spectrophotometry uses a monochromator to resolve the light. Flame "spec-trography is emission spectrography using flame excitation and photographic recording Refs 1) F. Burriel-Marti 8c J. Ramirez-Munoz, "Flame Photometry , Elsevier, NY (1957) 2) R. Herrmann 8c C.T.J. Alkemade,... 

Galvonogroph. The photographic record of a sensitive galvanometer arranged so that the mirror deflects a beam of light onto a moving film or paper... 

Colebum now feels that his results for EDNA hill out of line with most of his other measurements, and he attributes this to difficulties in reading the photographic records in this set of experiments. N. L. Colebum, U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory (private communication). 

The current pulses pass through the load resistor R, and the resulting voltage is displayed on an oscilloscope and then photographically recorded. The load resistor is adjusted so that the RC time of the resistor-cable-oscilloscope combination is much less than the time constant of the fluorescent decay. 

When quantum counter methods are used instead of photographic recording, the whole of each diffracted beam can be allowed to enter the counter for a definite time, and the intensity is thus measured. 

Hall and Diederichsen (22) projected a stream of droplets (diameters 150 to 170 microns) from the periphery of a spinning disk up into a vertical furnace maintained at a sufficiently high temperature for ignition, 710° C. The spinning disk atomizer employed was capable of producing droplets of uniform, predetermined size. Drum photographic records were obtained of the luminous portion of the droplet trajectory and drop burning times were estimated therefrom. 

Evaporation constants have been calculated from the published data of Hall and Diederichsen (22) and are given also in Table IV. From the luminous tracks on their photographic records these investigators estimated the burning times of drops projected... 

On the other hand, the photographic methods have two definite disadvantages. Droplets smaller than 20 microns cannot be photographed satisfactorily in a fast-moving spray, and the photograph records the spatial rather than the more important temporal distribution of drops. The latter objection can be overcome if drop velocities are known, but data on velocities are not easily obtained. Another serious problem is determination of whether a droplet is in or out of focus when it appears near the boundary of the field... 

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