Atomic absorption spectrometry applications

Pinta, M. (1977) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Applications to Chemical Analysis. P.W.N., Warsaw. 

B. Do, S. Robinet, D. Pradeau and F. Guyon, Speciation of arsenic and selenium compounds by ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Application of experimental design for chromatographic optimisation, J. Chromatogr. A, 918(1), 2001, 87-98. 

Figure 2.4 Hollow cathode lamp (after M. Pinta. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Applications for Chemical Analysis, volume I, 2nd edition. Masson et Cie. Paris, 1979).

In another titrimetric method, total galacturonic acid and the degree of esterification is determined by copper-binding before and after saponification (14). The bound copper is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Application of this copper-binding approach to the analysis of cell-wall polysaccharides in many fruits and vegetables has been reported (15). 

Cobalt ultra-trace On-line preconcentration and determination using a PTFE turnings packed column and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Applications in natural waters and biological samples. J Anal Atom Spectrom 17 1330-1334. 

Teissedre PL, Cabanis MTand Cabanis JC (1993) [Comparison of two mineralization methods for the determination of lead by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Applications to soils, vine-leaves, grapes, musts, rapes and lees samples]. Ana-lusis 21 249 - 254 [French]. 

J. F. Tyson and A. B. Idris, Flow Injection Sample Introduction for Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry. Applications of a Simplified Model for Dispersion. Analyst, 106 (1981) 1125. 

I have carried out widespread studies on the application of a sensitive and selective preconcentration method for the determination of trace a mounts of nickel by atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is based on soi ption of Cu(II) ions on natural Analcime Zeolit column modified with a new Schiff base 5-((4-hexaoxyphenylazo)-N-(n-hexyl-aminophenyl)) Salicylaldimine and then eluted with O.IM EDTA and determination by EAAS. Various parameters such as the effect of pH, flow rate, type and minimum amount of stripping and the effects of various cationic interferences on the recovery of ions were studied in the present work. 

The scope of this review Is limited to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, with emphasis upon Its clinical applications. This article Is Intended to supplement the recent treatises on the basic technique which have been written by Aggett and Sprott ( ) > Ingle ( ), Klrkbrlght (34), Price (63), and Woodrlff (83). This resume does not consider various related topics, such as (a) atomic fluorescence or emission spectrometry (b) non-flame atomization devices which employ direct current... 

In Table I are listed comprehensive citations of published methods for analyses of trace metals In body fluids and other clinical specimens by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Readers are cautioned that many of the early methods that are cited In Table I have become outmoded, owing to Improvements In Instrumentation for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. All of the published methods need to be critically evaluated In the prospective analyst s laboratory before they can be confidently employed for diagnostic measurements of trace metals In body fluids. Despite these caveats, the author believes that Table I should be helpful as a guide to the growing literature on clinical and biological applications of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Cruz, R. B. and Loon, J. C. van "A Critical Study of the Application of Graphite-Furnace Non-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry to the Determination of Trace Base Metals In Complex Heavy-Matrix Sample Solutions". Anal. Chlm. Acta (1974), 72, 231-243. 

Norris, J. D. and West, T. S. "Some Applications of Spectral Overlap in Atomic Absorption Spectrometry . Anal. 

Schramel, P. "The Application of Peak Integration In Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry". Anal. Chlm. 

Note that the interfacing of LC techniques with MS puts significant constraints on the solvents that can be used i.e., they must be volatile, with a low salt concentration, for MS compatibility. Narrow-bore columns, which use much smaller amounts of salt and organic modifier, appear to have potential for facilitating IEC-MS applications.40 Despite the excellent sensitivity of MS detection for most elements, however, there are cases where matrix effects can interfere. In this situation, combination of IEC with atomic emission spectrometry (AES) or atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) may be preferable, and can also provide better precision.21 32 4142 Other types of... 

On the whole, the applications of plasma-source emission detection to GC in the field of polymer/additive analysis are limited. The same holds for GC-atomic absorption spectrometry [370]. 

S. J. Haswell (ed.), Atomic Absorption Spectrometry - Theory, Design and Applications, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam (1991). 

Chapters 5 and 6 discuss the application of new techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry with and without graphite furnace and Zeeman background correction, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray fluo-... 

Various workers have discussed the application of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to the determination of cadmium in seawater [ 115— 124],... 

Atomic absorption spectrometry is suitable as a method of analysis of the concentrate, and is applicable to radioactive and non-radioactive forms of the element. 

The application of palladium and magnesium nitrate matrix modifier for graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry has been discussed in detail [686]. The work has shown that a mixture of palladium and magnesium... 

For example, the industrial preparation of mineral acids, such as sulfuric, hydrochloric and nitric, inevitably leads to them containing small concentrations of metals as impurities. If the acid is to be used purely as an acid in a simple reaction, the presence of small amounts of metals is probably unimportant. If, however, the acid is to be used to digest a sample for the determination of trace metals by atomic absorption spectrometry, then clearly the presence of metallic impurities in the acid may have a significant effect on the results. For this latter application, high-purity acids that are essentially metal-free are required. 

For the majority of applications, the sample is taken into solution and introduced into the plasma as an aerosol in the argon stream. The sample solution is pumped by a peristaltic pump at a fixed rate and converted into an aerosol by a nebulizer (see atomic absorption spectrometry). Various designs of nebulizer are in use, each having strengths and weaknesses. The reader is directed to the more specialist texts for a detailed consideration of nebulizers. There is an obvious attraction in being able to handle a solid directly, and sample volatilization methods using electric spark ablation, laser ablation and electrothermal volatilization have also been developed. 

Flame emission spectrometry is used extensively for the determination of trace metals in solution and in particular the alkali and alkaline earth metals. The most notable applications are the determinations of Na, K, Ca and Mg in body fluids and other biological samples for clinical diagnosis. Simple filter instruments generally provide adequate resolution for this type of analysis. The same elements, together with B, Fe, Cu and Mn, are important constituents of soils and fertilizers and the technique is therefore also useful for the analysis of agricultural materials. Although many other trace metals can be determined in a variety of matrices, there has been a preference for the use of atomic absorption spectrometry because variations in flame temperature are much less critical and spectral interference is negligible. Detection limits for flame emission techniques are comparable to those for atomic absorption, i.e. from < 0.01 to 10 ppm (Table 8.6). Flame emission spectrometry complements atomic absorption spectrometry because it operates most effectively for elements which are easily ionized, whilst atomic absorption methods demand a minimum of ionization (Table 8.7). 

Various workers have discussed the application of atomic absorption spectrometry to the determination of selenium in rocks [159,160] achieving detection limits of 0.06g g-1 [159] and 1.4xl0 10g g-1 [160] respectively. Hydride generation and measurement of hydride fluorescence has been used to determine selenium [120, 161] with a sensitivity of 0.06ug Se mL 1 which is 5-30 times than is achieved by conventional atomic absorption spectrometry. 

The application of a combination of gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectrometry to the determination of tetraalkyllead compounds has been studied by Chau et al. [f 7] and by Segar [20], In these methods the gas chromatography flame combination showed a detection limit of about O.lpg Pb. Chau et al. [f 7, 18] have applied the silica furnace in the atomic absorption unit and have shown that the sensitivity limit for the detection of lead can be enhanced by three orders of magnitude. They applied the method to the determination of tetramethyllead in sediment systems. 

Analytical model, assumptions and practical implications, 52-57 Analytical performance, correlation chromatography, 108 Analytical process, steps of, 7 Aroclors, isomer-specific analysis of, application of SIMCA, 195-232 Atomic absorption spectrometry, determination of iron in water, 116... 

Other applications of supported liquid membranes have been related to metal speciation. For example, recently a system for chromium speciation has been developed based on the selective extraction and enrichment of anionic Cr(VI) and cationic Cr(III) species in two SLM units connected in series. Aliquat 336 and DEHPA were used respectively as carriers for the two species and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry used for final metal determination. With this process, it was possible to determine chromium in its different oxidation states [103]. 

Five liquid membrane electrodes (Table 13.3) are now commercially available and have found wide application in the testing of electrolytes in biological and technological systems. All five electrodes perform well in the concentration range over which the Nernstian slope is maintained, i.e., from 10 -10 moldm . These electrodes to a certain extent have replaced in both chemical and clinical laboratories the more traditional instrumental methods of analysis, such as flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. There are, of course, many more liquid membrane electrodes, but the availability of satisfactory solid electrodes has greatly restricted their development and practical application. 

A number of applications of flow-injection techniques have been made to flame atomic absorption spectrometry [22]. Although manifolds can be connected directly to the nebuhzer, the response of the spectrometer is dependent on the flow rate of the sample into the nebuhzer [23], and some adjustment to the manifold may be required. The optimum flow rate for maximum response when the sample enters the nebuhzer as a discrete sample plug can be different from that found for analysis of a continuous sample stream. 

---