Atomic absorption spectrometry flameless

For the deterrnination of trace amounts of bismuth, atomic absorption spectrometry is probably the most sensitive method. A procedure involving the generation of bismuthine by the use of sodium borohydride followed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry has been described (6). The sensitivity of this method is given as 10 pg/0.0044M, where M is an absorbance unit the precision is 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. The low neutron cross section of bismuth virtually rules out any deterrnination of bismuth based on neutron absorption or neutron activation. 

Chool, M. K., Todd, J. K., and Boyd, N. D. "Effect of Carbon Cup Aging on Plasma Zinc Determination by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry". Clin. Chem. (1975), 21, 632-634. 

Lundgren, G., Lundmark, L., and Johansson, G. "Temperature Controlled Heating of the Graphite Tube Atomizer in Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry . Anal. Chem. (1974), 46, 1028-1031. 

Schramel, P. "Determination of Eight Metals In the International Biological Standard by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry". Anal. Chlm. Acta (1973), 67 69-77. 

Mercury was determined after suitable digestion by the cold vapour atomic absorption method [40]. Lead was determined after digestion by a stable isotope dilution technique [41-43]. Copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt were determined by differential pulse polarography following concentration by Chelex 100 ion-exchange resin [44,45], and also by the Freon TF extraction technique [46]. Manganese was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). 

Soo [96] determined picogram amounts of bismuth in seawater by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation. The bismuth is reduced in solution by sodium borohydride to bismuthine, stripped with helium gas, and collected in situ in a modified carbon rod atomiser. The collected bismuth is subsequently atomised by increasing the atomiser temperature and detected by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The absolute detection limit is 3pg of bismuth. The precision of the method is 2.2% for 150 pg and 6.7% for 25 pg of bismuth. Concentrations of bismuth found in the Pacific Ocean ranged from < 0.003-0.085 (dissolved) and 0.13-0.2 ng/1 (total). 

Neve et al. [547] digested the sample with nitric acid. After digestion the sample is reacted selectively with an aromatic o-diamine, and the reaction product is detected by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry after the addition of nickel (III) ions. The detection limit is 20mg/l, and both selenium (IV) and total selenium can be determined. There was no significant interference in a saline environment with three times the salinity of seawater. 

Bruland et al. [122] have shown that seawater samples collected by a variety of clean sampling techniques yielded consistent results for copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel, which implies that representative uncontaminated samples were obtained. A dithiocarbamate extraction method coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry and flameless graphite furnace electrothermal atomisation is described which is essentially 100% quantitative for each of the four metals studied, has lower blanks and detection Emits, and yields better precision than previously published techniques. A more precise and accurate determination of these metals in seawater at their natural ng/1 concentration levels is therefore possible. Samples analysed by this procedure and by concentration on Chelex 100 showed similar results for cadmium and zinc. Both copper and nickel appeared to be inefficiently removed from seawater by Chelex 100. Comparison of the organic extraction results with other pertinent investigations showed excellent agreement. 

Yamamoto et al. [33] have studied the differential determination of heavy metals according to their oxidation states by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry combined with solvent extraction with ammonium pyrrolidinedithio-carbamate or sodium diethyldithio-carbamate. 

Millward and Bihan [59] studied the effect of humic material on the determination of mercury by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. In both fresh and seawater, association between inorganic and organic entities takes place within 90 min at pH values of 7 or above, and the organically bound mercury was not detected by an analytical method designed for inorganic mercury. The amount of detectable mercury was related to the amount of humic material added to the solutions. However, total mercury could be measured after exposure to ultraviolet radiation under strongly acid conditions. 

If refers to flame atomic absorption spectrometry and NF to flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (e.g. carbon rod). 

Carbon Monoxide. Methods for determining carbon monoxide include detection by conversion to mercury vapor, gas filter correlation spectrometry, TDLAS, and grab sampling followed by gas chromatograph (GC) analysis. The quantitative liberation of mercury vapor from mercury oxide by CO has been used to measure CO (73). The mercury vapor concentration is then measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A detection limit of 0.1 ppbv was reported for a 30-s response time. Accuracy was reported to be 3% at tropospheric mixing ratios. A commercial instrument providing similar performance is available. 

GFAAS = graphite furnace (flameless) atomic absorption spectroscopy TLC = thin layer chromatography HFP-AES = high frequency plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy NAA = neutron atomic analysis ICP-AES = inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GSE = graphite spectroscopic electrode UV = ultraviolet spectrophotometry PD = photodensitometer and (3,5-diBr-PADAP) = 2(-3,-5-dibromo-2-pyridylazo)-5- diethyl-ami nophenol. 

To avoid problems previously encountered with flame atomic absorption spectrometry of arsenic, and also with flameless methods such as that in which the dementis converted to arsine, Ohta and Suzuki [25] proposed an alternative method based on electrothermal ionisation with a metal microtube atomiser. Effective atomisation can be achieved by the addition of thiourea to the arsenic solution or by preliminary extraction of the arsenic-thionalide complex. The second method is recommended for soil samples so as to avoid interference due to the presence of trace elements. 

Cold vapour (or flameless) atomic absorption spectrometry is the method of choice for the determination of mercury in soils [136-147]. Ure and Shand [ 141 ]... 

Floyd and Sommers [142] evaluated a simple one-step digestion procedure for extracting total mercury from soils. The sample was digested with concentrated nitric acid and 4N potassium dichromate for four hours at 55 °C and the mercury in the extract determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The method can be applied to soils containing up to 20% organic matter. 

Grabinski [12] has described an ion exchange method for the complete separation of the above four arsenic species, on a single column containing both cation and anion exchange resins. Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry with a deuterium arc background correction is used as a detection system for this procedure. This detection system was chosen because of its linear response and lack of specificity for these compounds combined with its resistance to matrix bias in this type of analysis. 

K. Julshamn, O. Ringdal, K. E. Slinning, O. R. Braekkan, Optimisation of determination of selenium in marine samples by atomic absorption spectrometry comparison of a flameless graphite furnace atomic absorption system with a hydride generation atomic absorption system, Spectrochim. Acta, 37B (1982), 473-482. 

In mordant dyes, inorganic mordants can be detected to a high degree of sensitivity by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (20, 22). 

Fitchett, A.W., Daughtrey, E.H., Mushak, J.P. Quantitative measurements of inorganic and organic arsenic by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 79, 93-99 (1975)... 

Kloft, C., Appelius, H., Siegert, W., Schunack, W., Jaehde, U. Determination of platinum complexes in clinical samples by a rapid flameless atomic absorption spectrometry assay. Therap. Drug Monit. 21, 631-637 (1999)... 

Many researchers have attempted to determine mercury levels in the blood, urine, tissues, and hair of humans and animals. Most methods have used atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), or neutron activation analysis (NAA). In addition, methods based on mass spectrometry (MS), spectrophotometry, and anodic stripping voltametry (ASV) have also been tested. Of the available methods, cold vapor (CV) AAS is the most widely used. In most methods, mercury in the sample is reduced to the elemental state. Some methods require predigestion of the sample prior to reduction. At all phases of sample preparation and analysis, the possibility of contamination from mercury found naturally in the environment must be considered. Rigorous standards to prevent mercury contamination must be followed. Table 6-1 presents details of selected methods used to determine mercury in biological samples. Methods have been developed for the analysis of mercury in breath samples. These are based on AAS with either flameless (NIOSH 1994) or cold vapor release of the sample to the detection chamber (Rathje et al. 1974). Flameless AAS is the NIOSH-recommended method of determining levels of mercury in expired air (NIOSH 1994). No other current methods for analyzing breath were located. 

Paveri-Fontana S. L., Tessari G. and Torsi G. C. (1974) Time-resolved distribution of atoms in flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A theoretical calculation, Anal Chem 46 1032-1038. 

Leeuwenkamp OR, van der Vijgh WJH, Hiisken BCP, et al. 1989. Quantification of strontium in plasma and urine with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin Chem 35(9) 1911-1914. 

The most common technique for the determination of mercury in environmental samples is cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) due to its simplicity and sensitivity. The flameless procedure was investigated by Hatch and Ott (1968) with a view to simplifying the apparatus required and improving the sensitivity of the method. The method is based on the unique properties of mercury. Elemental mercury has an appreciable vapour pressure at ambient temperature and the vapour is stable and monatomic. Mercury can easily be reduced to metal from its compounds. The mercury vapour may be introduced into a stream of an inert gas and measured by atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence of the cold vapour without the need of atomiser devices. 

Danish Standard (1990) Determination of metals in water, sludge and sediments - determined by flameless for determination by atomic absorption spectrometry - electrothermal atomisation in graphite furnace - General principles and guidelines. Ds 2210. 

The principal methods used for detection and quantification of antimony in biological and environmental samples are various modifications of neutron activation analysis (NAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (ATSDR 1992). AAS techniques (including matrix modification, hydride-formation and flameless AAS) - eventually after enrichment - have proved especially... 

Newman RA (1978) Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry determination of gallium in biological materials. Clin Chim Acta 86 195-200. 

Perinelli, M.A. and N. Carugno Determination of trace metals in cigarette smoke by atomic absorption spectrometry CORESTA 1978 Symp., Sofia, Bulgaria, CORESTA Inf. Bull, Spec. Edition 1978 Paper S03, 113 Determination of trace metals in cigarette smoke by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 9 (1978) 214—217. 

New flameless methods for sample presentation to the instrument, like the graphite rod and the. tantalum boat, are expanding the use and applications of atomic absorption spectrometry. In the first technique the burner is replaced by a graphite rod with a small well where a few microliters of sample are deposited and electrically heated by means of controlled power supply. Important advantages of this procedure are that a very small sample is needed and the dilution of viscous samples is not required. 

Parkinson, I.S., Ward. M.K. and Kerr. D.N.S. (1982). A method for the routine determination of aluminium in serum and water by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin. Chim. Acta. 125,125. 

Owens, J.W. and Gladney, E.S. (1976) Exchange of comments Loss of mercury during flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 48, 787. 

Rains, T.C. and Menis, O. (1972) Determination of submicrogram amounts of mercury in standard reference materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 55, 1339-1344. 

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