Simple Filters

ID Simple filter Simple molecular properties (e.g., molecular weight, molecular volume, element composition, etc.) 10- to 1s... 

The nature of these paraffins and their concentration in diesel fuel affect the three temperatures that characterize the cold behavior. The cloud point is the temperature at which crystals of paraffins appear when the temperature is lowered. The cold filter pluming point is defined as the temperature under which a suspension no ionger flows through a standard filter. Finally, the pour point is the temperature below which the diesel fuel no longer flows by simple gravity in a standard tube. These three temperatures are defined by regulations and the refiner has three types of additives to improve the quality of the diesel fuel of winter. 

The demodulation algorithm is very simple the DSP multiplies the received signal by each carrier, and then filters the result using a FIR filter. This kind of digital filter is phase linear, (constant group delay important for the EC combinations). Other filters may be programmed, other demodulation algorithms may be used. 

A major benefit of sampled data is the ability to store it. Once this data has been stored it can be analyzed, plotted and used in a simulator. A simulator reinstates the client/server paradigm, allowing the user to re-experience the inspection, synchronously. Different data filters and mappings can be used. For example, in Figure 4, a simple mapping... 

A single magnetic sector can be used as a mass filter for other apparatus. However, much more infonnation of the simple mass spectrum of a species can be obtained using the tandem mass spectrometer. 

We describe a simple computational example to demonstrate two key features of the new protocol Stability with respect to a large time step and filtering of high frequency modes. In the present manuscript we do not discuss examples of rate calculations. These calculations will be described in future publications. 

Most practical implementations of drug-likeness use a computational model which takes as input the molecular structure, together with various properties, and predicts whether the molecule is drug-like or not. Some of these models may be very simple, such as a series of substructural filters. Only those molecules which pass all of these filters are output, Such filters can be used to eliminate molecules that contain inappropriate functionality. 

For the filtration of very small quantities of crystals, the simple apparatus shown in Fig. 46 is often used. It consists of a fine glass rod (sometimes termed a filtration nail ) which is flattened at one end, the flattened surface being preferably roughened. It fits as shown into a small funnel which replaces F (Fig. 45). A circular piece of filter-paper is cut e-g.y with a clean sharp cork-borer) so as to fit completely and snugly over the flat end. After draining, the nail is raised and the filter-paper and crystals are removed with forceps and dried. 

A simple apparatus for sublimation in a stream of air or of inert gas is shown in Fig. II, 45, 3.. d is a two-necked flask equipped with a narrow inlet tube B with stopcock and a wide tube C 12-15 inm. in diameter. The latter is fitted to a sintered glass crucible and the usual adapter and suction flask E. A well-fitting filter paper is placed on the sintered glass filter plate to collect any sublimate carried by the gas stream. 

If the original ester is a fat or oil and produces an odour of acrolein when heated, it may be a glyceride. Esters of ethylene glycol and of glycol with simple fatty acids are viscous and of high b.p. They are hydrolysed (method I) and the ethyl alcohol distilled ofl. The residue is diluted (a soap may be formed) and acidified with hydrochloric acid (Congo red paper). The acid is filtered or... 

Separations based upon differences in the chemical properties of the components. Thus a mixture of toluene and anihne may be separated by extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid the aniline passes into the aqueous layer in the form of the salt, anihne hydrochloride, and may be recovered by neutralisation. Similarly, a mixture of phenol and toluene may be separated by treatment with dilute sodium hydroxide. The above examples are, of comse, simple apphcations of the fact that the various components fah into different solubihty groups (compare Section XI,5). Another example is the separation of a mixture of di-n-butyl ether and chlorobenzene concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves only the w-butyl other and it may be recovered from solution by dilution with water. With some classes of compounds, e.g., unsaturated compounds, concentrated sulphuric acid leads to polymerisation, sulphona-tion, etc., so that the original component cannot be recovered unchanged this solvent, therefore, possesses hmited apphcation. Phenols may be separated from acids (for example, o-cresol from benzoic acid) by a dilute solution of sodium bicarbonate the weakly acidic phenols (and also enols) are not converted into salts by this reagent and may be removed by ether extraction or by other means the acids pass into solution as the sodium salts and may be recovered after acidification. Aldehydes, e.g., benzaldehyde, may be separated from liquid hydrocarbons and other neutral, water-insoluble hquid compounds by shaking with a solution of sodium bisulphite the aldehyde forms a sohd bisulphite compound, which may be filtered off and decomposed with dilute acid or with sodium bicarbonate solution in order to recover the aldehyde. 

The Ingredients are placed in a reflux set-up and left for three hours. They are then vacuum filtered from the solids and then distilled with vacuum, it s quite simple. 

A simple instrument for measuring absorbance that uses absorption or interference filters to select the wavelength. 

The polymer can easily be recovered by simple vacuum filtration or centrifugation of the polymer slurry. This can be followed by direct conversion of the filter cake to dope by slurrying the filter cake in chilled solvent and then passing the slurry through a heat exchanger to form the spinning solution and a thin-film evaporator to remove residual monomer. 

This reduction in permeabiUty due to cake consoHdation or coUapse may be so large that it may nullify or even overtake the advantage of using high pressures in the first place and there is then no reason for using the generally more expensive pressure filtration hardware. While a simple Hquid pump may be cheaper than the vacuum pump needed with vacuum filters, if air displacement dewatering is to foUow filtration in pressure filters, an air compressor has to be used and is expensive. 

In apphcations where the fraction of fine particles in the soHds of the feed slurry is low, a simple and relatively cheap vacuum filter can yield cakes with moisture contents comparable to those discharged by pressure filters. Vacuum filters include the only truly continuous filters built in large sizes that can provide for washing, drying, and other process requirements. 

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