Specify the Product

Design and Development of Biologieal, Chemical, Food and Pharmaeeutieal Products S. Kiil and M.E. Vigild 2007 John Wiley Sons, Ltd 

Perception has a solid mouth feel has a pleasant taste 

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Ideally, you would set the specifications at the beginning of a project, and then design the product such that it meets your specifications. However, most products are too complicated to allow a team to do this. Usually there have to be at least two rounds one at this point and one later on when the team has decided which concept is going to be used for the product. In the first try, set target specifications. These are hardly more than guesses of the team they will need improving. 

Each specification consists of a metric - a quantifiable property of the product - and a value. For example, customers require toothpaste to be stiff so that it does not flow off the bmsh. Here the metric could be the yield stress, of which the value would be given in the unit Pa (pascal). Not all needs can be quantified well as you will see in a moment. 

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The product or service identification should be sufficiently precise as to avoid confusion with other similar products or services. The vendor may produce several versions of the same product and denote the difference by suffixes to the main part number. To ensure you receive the product you require you need to consult carefully the literature provided and specify the product in the same manner as specified in the literature. 

Do specify the product identification details in the product specification and denote where and with what materials identification is to be applied. 

Cloning of certain spider genes has been included in goats to specify the production of proteins that call for the production of silklike fibroin threads that allow the production and subsequent capture of spider-like threads as part of goat s milk. 

Where traceability is specified, the product and subassemblies of the product have unique recorded identification. 

The protocol must include the proposed tentative specifications of the in-process product with the acceptance criteria and directs the finalization of the specification at the end of the development stage. The specification should be proposed based upon the product design that is, the specification includes the size, shape, impurities, and nature of the materials, such as viscosity and tension. Developing the specifications of the final product and parts for assembly must be performed to specify the product efficacy and product liability based on the design concept and scientific data, such as stability data. 

Applying ABC concepts to the budgeting process yields activity-based, budgeting (ABB). Under ABB, the first step is to specify the products or services to be produced and the customers to be served. Then the... 

During a reaction, the change in the amount of any reactant or product is proportional to its stoichiometric coefficient, and a single variable is sufficient to specify the production of products and consumption of reactants. This variable, E, is the number of moles of product with unit stoichiometric coefficient that is formed and is called the extent of the reaction. The change in the number of moles of any reactant or product is given by... 

Specify the Product. Specify what the product will have to do look at how it will do that separately. 

Before the next lectures, it might be an idea to try to orient yourself on what the competition in your product is up to (although you will not have enough time to do this well). After Lesson 6 Specify the Product , the team is to form metrics and target specifications. 

In runs of one-tenth the scale specified, the product obtained by the checkers had a melting point of 50-55° when 3delds above 90% were obtained. The 3delds were about 10% lower when 9-bromophenanthrene of melting point 54-56° was produced. The yield of recrystallized compound, melting at 65-66°, as obtained by the checkers, was 60% of the theoretical. 

A. Production rate specified. The production rate of any product of the reaction will be proportional to, and if this is specified, either f or can be chosen and the other will be fixed. If q = P, the volume required of the reactor is... 

The first step in the design of a single column is to specify the product distribution. Let A,B,C,... denote components ranked in order of decreasing volatility. 

If the overhead and bottoms compositions (Tp and Xg) are specified, the product rates are determined by material balance. The specified separation also determines the reflux ratio. (The number of stages and feed location are assumed fixed.)... 

Next we consider some simple higher-order kinetic schemes, specifically the second- and third-order unidirectional reactions 2A — and 3A —> for which, again, closed-form solutions are available to validate our approach. (Since we omit any back reactions, we need not specify the products.) First we consider the unidirectional dimerization reaction... 

Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino... 

Some reactions can proceed in either direction and it is not then possible to specify the products or the reactants uniquely. These are written ... 

We will start our design procedure via TTs by assuming that we have completely specified the product stream (the entire external mass balance) as well as a value for R i that will lead to a feasible design. For a Petlyuk column to be considered feasible using TTs, the following conditions have to be satisfied ... 

Criterion 3 specifies that the TTs of CSi, CS2, and CS3 all have to overlap one another. Recall, however, that in our list of assumptions that a value of R i has already been specified in the column. Since the products from the column have also been specified it is possible to draw a TT for CSi given that both R i and Xai arc known. Moreover, Xa3 is also known a priori and is fixed, but Xa2 is still unknown and depends on the choice of 4>vand 4> . The latter fact is the main reason behind criterion 1 s difficulty. In order to find the minimum reflux for CS3, all that needs to be done is to decrease / a3 until the TTs of CSi and CS3 touch one another. This value for / a3 will thus be the minimum reflux that R is allowed to operate at any value of / a3 below this minimum would mean that the TTs of CSi and CS3 do not overlap which implies an infeasible design. Similarly, by specifying the products and R i, and X e are also known (thus CS5 s TT is known too) and one can adjust the value of until the TTs of CS5 and CS5 Just touch one another (since Xa5 is known). These two minimum intersection criteria through TTs are presented in Figure 7.29a and b. ... 

Production planning Determination of local production quantities and assignment to local plants.i Fbr multi-product batch processes, the aim is to define batch sizes for different chemicals and to assign them to available plants. In case of multi-product continuous processes, the aim is to determine the production mode, i.e. the physical conditions and raw material composition specifying the product mixture. ... 

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