Application-specific units

The system uses a library of FUs similar to the application-specific units (ASUs) used in Cathedral-3, which is described in chapter 7 [11]. In Cathedral-3, the ASUs are extracted automatically from the behavioral description. This is important for high-throughput real-time signal processing applications that require complex application-specific data-paths, as targeted by Cathedral-3. Within Amical, the FUs are provided by the user. Even if this approach is less automatic, it provides more flexibility when using existing hardware. 

IMEC s CATHEDRAL-III system is one of two successors to the CATHEDRAL-II system. It is designed for the synthesis of high-throughput diips for audio, image, and video applications, and it supports application-specific units. CATHEDRAL-III supports data path synthesis. See also IMEC s CATHEDRAL-11 System and IMEC s CATHEDRAL-2nd System. 

A CATHEDRAL-III-generated data path is built fi-om a set of fast, optimized application-specific units (ASUs). ASUs perform such functions as max, min, sorting, and convolution, and are composed of standard fiuictional units such as adders and shifters. 

Wherever manual distribution has to be adopted, containers should be reserved for the exclusive use of specific units and their operators and, as far as possible, for a particular grade. When not in use they must be stored away from all possible sources of contamination. To promote economy and reduce waste due to spillage, their shape and proportions must be suited to the application. 

Copolyesters (such as BIOMAX ) which combine aromatic esters with aliphatic esters or other polymer units (e.g. ethers and amides) provide the opportunity to adjust and control the degradation rates. These added degrees of freedom on polymer composition provide the opportunity to rebalance the polymer to more specifically match application performance in physical properties, while still maintaining the ability to adjust the copolyesters to complement the degradation of natural products for the production of methane or humic substances. Since application performance requirements and application specific environmental factors and degradation expectations vary broadly, copolyesters are, and will continue to be, an important class of degradable polyesters. 

In terms of typology and categorisation, in many cases the supplier of the chemical substances retains the ownership of the chemical whereas the applicant usually retains the ownership of the application plant. So it seems that in general the core competences of the partners involved are maintained while they are embedded in an umbrella model based on a case-specific unit of payment. 

In the past, different countries had their own textile standard testing methods.79 Since 1990 within EU, there has been an attempt to normalize these standards. In the United Kingdom, for example, most new British Standards are prefixed by BS EN or BS EN ISO. Most of the test methods are based on the principle that test should be straightforward and easy to apply, and are application specific. The standard test methods usually involve pass-fail or performance rating criteria10 and are mostly product application specific. Some selective and more relevant test methods are discussed here in brief, and for detailed information the reader is referred to a recent review by Nazare and Horrocks.11... 

Application of these regulatory principles to chromatography as a specific unit operation allows discussion of the issues with respect to control of the raw materials and the process variables [89.90]. In chromatography, the primary raw material is the packing medium. The vendors of media are typically helpful in providing certificates of analysis and batch-to-batch reproducibility of specific packing characteristics. Common characteristics are listed below. 

A microfluidic platform provides a set of fluidic unit operations, which are designed for easy combination within a well-defined fabrication technology. A microfluidic platform allows the implementation of different application-specific (bio-)chemical processes, automated by microfluidic process integration. 

Conveying this to the microfluidic platform approach, a set of validated microfluidic elements is required, each able to perform a certain basic liquid handling step or unit operation. Such basic unit operations are building blocks of laboratory protocols and comprise fluid transport, fluid metering, fluid mixing, valving, separation or concentration of molecules or particles (see Table 1) and others. Every microfluidic platform should offer an adequate number of microfluidic unit operations that can be easily combined to build application-specific microfluidic systems. 

For example, a combination of processes (1) and (2) in Table I could be combined to yield a more specific composition in the final extract. Unit process 1 if conducted by sequentially increasing the extraction density when coupled with a sequence of let down pressures (unit process 2) can anqilify the SFF effect. Likewise, by combining unit process 1 using SC-CX>2 followed Ity application of unit process 2 utilizing sidxritical H2O to deterpenate the extract from unit process 1, can yield a more specific final product from the starting citrus oil. To obtain a mote enriched and/or concentrated product fiom the latter process, one could add on unit process 6, a supercritical fluid membrane-based separation of the aqueous extiact/finctions firom unit process S as indicated below (Table I). 

Airborne Electronic Hardware Electronic airborne hardware includes fine replaceable units, circuit board assemblies, application-specific integrated circuits, programmable logic devices, etc. [RTCA/DO-254]. 

In droplet-based microfluidics, these reaction vessels are formed by droplets of a dispersed phase, which are embedded into a continuous phase. Both liquid phases are immiscible. A huge amount of such droplet reactors can be generated, transported, controlled, and processed in parallel in a droplet-based lab-on-a-chip device. These devices can be characterized as application specific microfiuidic networks that implement and automate a conventional laboratory workflow in a microfluidic chip device or system. They are built up by appropriately intercoimecting microfluidic operation units, which provide the required laboratory operations at the microscale. Consequently, for each conventional laboratory operation, its microscale counterpart is required. 

Regardless of application, the basis of dimensional analysis is the use of conversion factors to organize a series of steps in the quest for a specific quantity with a specific unit. 

Many books have been written concerning the methods of process control for specific unit operations. Basically, automatic control is relatively easy to comprehend. In many ways it is like manual control. However, the automatic controller does not necessarily duplicate what the human operator does by hand. Automatic equipment gives continuous, minute attention to the control application. Automatic controllers can compute and remember, but they cannot reason from new conditions, nor can they forecast beyond the data which are built into them. 

For carbon dioxide sorption applications, apart from the amine grafting of POFs, other functional groups with different polarities also contribute to the improvement of the carbon dioxide sorption capacity. Combined with the simulations, the isosteric heats of adsorption (Qst) of modified POFs are in the order of -COOH >-(0H)2 NH2 (0113)2 non-functionalized framework. Selecting the optimal reaction route to graft these specific units on POFs is one of the hot directions of the PSM of POFs. 

Sample irradiance ( ) the radiant flux incident on the sample surface per unit area. Note In practice, is an average calculated from the incident power, divided by the illuminated area, A. The incident flux should arrive from a single direction however, the acceptable degree of collimation or amount of divergence is application specific and should be reported ... 

Fuel Cell Unit Size The size of the fuel cell is a characteristic that impacts fuel processor selection. There is a lower level of power output at which it is no longer advantageous to incorporate a fuel processor. The decision is also application-specific. It is likely that releasing H2 by chemical reaction from a solid compound when mixed with water is economical for small portable units (below 100 W). An H2 storage cartridge can be replaced in seconds (15). 

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