Droplet reactor

Measurements from synthetic fuel spray flames and laboratory droplet reactors indicated the extent to which fuel properties and combustion conditions influenced particulate yields. A series of seven fuels were tested in a 21 kW spray combustor for total particulate by gravimetric sampling and soot by Bacharach smoke number. Variations in total particulate were dominated by the tendency of the fuel to form ceno-spheres while smoke number correlated with the C H ratio of the fuel. The laboratory droplet studies were performed in a gas flame supported reaction environment. These results confirmed the correlation between soot yield and C H ratio. In addition, two distinct forms of disruptive droplet combustion were observed. 

Microfluidic systems also provide the possibility to spatially and temporally monitor and control reactions by adding reagents at precise time intervals during the reaction progress. This was demonstrated by Shestopalov et al. [191] by carrying out a multistep synthesis of quantum dots using the microfluidic droplet reactor. 

Quiescent interface reactor Droplet reactor (Chapter 15)... 

In droplet-based microfluidics, these reaction vessels are formed by droplets of a dispersed phase, which are embedded into a continuous phase. Both liquid phases are immiscible. A huge amount of such droplet reactors can be generated, transported, controlled, and processed in parallel in a droplet-based lab-on-a-chip device. These devices can be characterized as application specific microfiuidic networks that implement and automate a conventional laboratory workflow in a microfluidic chip device or system. They are built up by appropriately intercoimecting microfluidic operation units, which provide the required laboratory operations at the microscale. Consequently, for each conventional laboratory operation, its microscale counterpart is required. 

Droplet reactors are basic components of digital microfluidics. There are still a number of opportunities in droplet reactor research. The future directions can be categorized into fundamentals and applications. Fundamental research could result in other platforms for droplet reactors. While electrowetting has been widely reported in the past, microfluidic platforms based on thermocapillary and other forces are still underrepresented. More research on the systematic design of droplet-based reactors is needed to secure industrial adaptation and commercial... 

Fig. 7.5 Bioreactors used for cultivation of hairy root cultures of different Solanaceae plants 1 stirred tank with isolated stirrer 2 bubble column 3 airlift with modified draft tube 4 temporary immersion RITA system 5 liquid-dispersed trickle reactor 6 convective flow reactor 7 modified liquid-dispersed reactor 8 trickle-bed reactor cuid 9 droplet reactor...

The flow patterns of gas/liquid and liquid/liquid flows are important for control of chemical processes in microcharmels. For instance, the liquid plugs in plug flow, which can provide narrow residence time distribution, can be used to droplet reactors in the study of flow chemistry (He and Jamison, 2014). More complicated systems, such as gas/liquid/liquid or liquid/hquid/hquid systems, accounting for a large proportion of fine chemical processes in pharmaceuticals and emulsions, are also a popular issue in the research of microstructured chemical processes. For gas/hquid/hquid systems in microchannels, some flow patterns are combinations of gas/hquid... 

Nightingale AM, PhflHps TW, Bannock JH, et al Controlled mifltistep synthesis in a three-phase droplet reactor, Nat Commun 5 3777, 2014. 

Microreactors create well-defined multiphase environments for the nanomaterial synthesis. The nanocrystal size and size distribution depend on the residence time and residence distribution. The axial dispersion effects assodated with the parabolic flow profile of typical microchannel contribute to a broader residence time distribution. A segmented-flow microreactor or droplet reactor offers an opportunity to solve this dispersion issue. Both gas-liquid and liquid-liquid segmented-flow microreactors have been reported [98]. Khan et al. [50] compared... 

In this chapter, we present an overview of the transport of fluids in microchannels with a focus on the formation and manipulation of emulsion droplets. The next section deals with defining terminology and describing the physics of fluid flow in small channels. We briefly summarize approaches that are used to drive the fluid flow in the microchannels and dispersion of immiscible phases (oil and water) to create well-defined droplets. In the last section, we focus on the applications of droplet-based microfluidics. In particular, we review microparticle formation and biochemical reactions in small droplet reactors. 

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