Environmental factors specificity

The third example considered the interaction of life-history traits (survival rates, fecundity, immunogenicity) with an environmental factor specific to parasites, namely the host immune system. Here phenotypic diversity in response to environmental conditions (host immunity) is not so readily apparent. To observe phenotypic diversity, different parasite lines need to be compared in their kinetics of infection and, to show immune-dependence, these must be complemented by control experiments in immunosuppressed hosts. Experiments seeking to select on this diversity... 

In addition to contextual environmental factors, specific visual receptor cells that detect different types of movement such as up and down have been discovered. Despite this knowledge, many questions about the exact mechanisms of motion perception remain unanswered. 

The specific design most appropriate for biomass, waste combustion, and energy recovery depends on the kiads, amounts, and characteristics of the feed the ultimate energy form desired, eg, heat, steam, electric the relationship of the system to other units ia the plant, iadependent or iategrated whether recycling or co-combustion is practiced the disposal method for residues and environmental factors. 

Product standards may stipulate performance characteristics, dimensions, quaUty factors, methods of measurement, and tolerances and safety, health, and environmental protection specifications. These are introduced principally to provide for interchangeabiUty and reduction of variety. The latter procedure is referred to as rationalization of the product offering, ie, designation of sizes, ratings, etc, for the attribute range covered and the steps within the range. The designated steps may foUow a modular format or a preferred number sequence. 

Since SCC is often dependent on environmental factors other than stress and exposure to a specific corrodent, appropriate alteration of these other factors may be effective. For example, a reduction in metal temperature, a change in pH, or a reduction in the levels of oxygen or oxidizing ions may reduce or eliminate SCC. 

The percentage of failures that occur solely from material defects is quite low—less than 1% of all failures. What is more common is that defects may act in conjunction with specific environmental factors to produce failures, such as cracking or localized corrosion. 

ISO 9001 is not specific on what is meant by working environment . ISO 9001 only applies to product and factors that affect the product therefore working environment means the environment in which work on product is carried out. If temperature, cleanliness, humidity, electromagnetic, and other environmental factors need to be controlled to ensure conforming product then their control provides a suitable working environment. 

The proportionality constant k is called the rate constant (or rate coefficient or specific rate). The rate constant is independent of the concentrations of A, B,. .., but may depend upon environmental factors such as the temperature and solvent, and of course its magnitude depends on the particular reaction being studied. 

In using fiber optics the designer is mainly concerned with a standardized material which has specific characteristics in terms of optical performance. Fiber optics made of plastics can be affected by exposure to the environment with deterioration of performance. Heat is an important environmental factor and the most likely cause of damage in optical applications. The heat can be generated by the light sources used. Some of the infrared generated by light sources can be removed with the use of appropriate filters. 

Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of any raw material is a crucial and multi-phased requirement for the selection and validation of that matter as a constituent of a product or part of the product development process (Morris et al., 1998). Such demand is especially important in the pharmaceutical industry because of the presence of several compounds assembled in a formulation, such as active substances and excipients, which highlights the importance of compatibility among them. Besides, variations in raw materials due to different sources, periods of extraction and various environmental factors may lead to failures in production and/or in the dosage form performance (Morris et al., 1998). Additionally, economic issues are also related to the need for investigating the physicochemical characteristics of raw materials since those features may determine the most adequate and low-cost material for specific procedures and dosage forms. 

In many cases, where one is concerned with the effects of specific environmental factors it is appropriate to replace the general term stress by the appropriate quantitative measure (e.g. soil water content or water potential) together with an appropriate measure of the plant response (e.g. growth rate). 

Plants have a specific property, which is excitability [1-3]. This property is used by cells, tissues, and organs to change their internal condition and external reactions under the action of various environmental factors, referred to as irritants. The high sensitivity of protoplasm and all cell organelles to any natural and electrochemical effects is the basis for... 

Crystalline phases pack into two distinct classes of subcells depending on chemical structure and environmental factors. The first class is characterized by specific chain-chain... 

Analyzes should be conducted on more than one sample, when available, to determine whether inferred environmental factors are indeed regional or global, and not related to specific local effects. 

Potential environmental exposures. The number of RA cases has increased during industrialization, although a specific link to environmental factors has not been determined.6... 

Table 20.3 lists the reversible and irreversible processes that may be significant in the deep-well environment.3 The characteristics of the specific wastes and the environmental factors present in a well strongly influence which processes will occur and whether they will be irreversible. Irreversible reactions are particularly important. Waste rendered nontoxic through irreversible reactions may be considered permanently transformed into a nonhazardous state. A systematic discussion of mathematical modeling of groundwater chemical transport by reaction type is provided by Rubin.30... 

De-excitation of 99mTc has specific features. This nuclide decays with a half-life of 6 hours, but its half-life varies slightly according to environmental conditions [30] or chemical states [31,32], Moreover, the emission probabilities of characteristic X-rays just after the isomeric transition 99mTc — "Tc are influenced by environmental factors [33] which result in a change of the K/VKoc X-ray intensity ratio [34],... 

The overall result of environmental awareness has been to increase the interplay of devolution and evolution. Devolution has seen increasing restrictions, sometimes amounting to a complete ban, on the use of certain substances (e.g. alkylphenolethoxylates, which were once widely used) and a corresponding evolution of new products which, at least for the present, are environmentally acceptable. This interplay between devolution and evolution is likely to continue indefinitely. Environmental factors as they affect specific types of auxiliary will be dealt with under the relevant sections of this volume. 

This new approach embodies the idea that it was environmental factors which were decisive in making possible the complex steps of the development of life, or even forced them to occur. To be more specific, the spontaneous formation of short strands occurred initially at many places in tiny niches such as the rock pores already mentioned. The formation of longer strands capable of replication is unlikely under these conditions. However, the fusion of short strands to give longer ones, which could now replicate, could have occurred in a different environment or under more favourable conditions. 

Drugs, among all the environmental factors that we are exposed to, may be particularly likely to interact specifically and selectively with the genetic properties of a given individual, as their potency pitches them into a narrow therapeutic window , precariously balanced between potent potions and perilous poisons. We would predict that, based on a patients innate, individual biological makeup -as it affects the interaction with a drug - one or the other of these properties may manifest itself this phenomenon is covered by the term pharmacogenetics. 

Hamann also reviewed a range of cow-specific and environmental factors that affect the risk of microbial infection and mastitis disease progression in dairy cows (see Table 11.2). 

Table 11.2 Interaction between cow-specific and environmental factors and mastitis risk (Hamann, 2001 modified)...

Risk Cow-specific and environmental factors affecting infection and... 

Given the diversity of disease-causing organisms, the interactions between farm-specific environmental factors and the types of mastitis causing pathogens found, the potential efficacy of antibiotic treatments can only be assessed accurately in the context of the specific on-farm conditions. Furthermore, many recent investigations concluded that, except for some specific infections caused by streptococci, a prophylactic and or longer-term use of antibiotics for chronic and sub-clinical mastitis should not recommended in the future (Deluyker et al., 2005). 

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