Specific quantity

The mechanical performance of equipment is likely to deteriorate with use due to wear, corrosion, erosion, vibration, contamination and fracture, which may lead to failure. Since this would threaten a typical production objective of meeting quality and quantity specifications, maintenance engineering provide a service which helps to safely achieve the production objective. 

The gray is also used for the ionising radiation quantities, specific energy imparted, kerma, and absorbed dose index, which have the SI unit joule per kilogram. 

The size of each raw material source must be determined in the light of e.xisling and estimated future requirements. An attempt must be made to estimate the life of the raw material source based on future requirements. Alternate sources or substitutes in the area should also be located and evaluated. The eost of delivering raw material to the plant site can then be determined for all sourees that meet the process quality and quantity specifications. 

Equilibrium retractive force, referred to unit undeformed cross section, for elongated rubber (Chap. XI). Same quantity specifically for the elongation a. 

The basic concept of microdosimetry is the microdosimetric event (or, simply, event), which is energy deposition by a charged particle and its statistically correlated particles (e.g., secondary electrons from the same particle track) [15-17]. Events are important because they are statistically independent entities. The principal microdosimetric quantity, specific energy z, is defined as follows ... 

Chemists use a quantity called the solubility product constant, or to compare the solubilities of salts. AT p is calculated in much the same way as an equilibrium constant (K, see Chapter 14). The product concentrations are multiplied together, each raised to the power of its coefficient in the balanced dissociation equation. There s one key difference, however, between a and a is a quantity specific to a saturated solution of salt, so the con-... 

The derived kind of quantity, specific catalytic amount, be defined as the catalytic amount of the enzyme divided by Its mass (derived unit=kat/kg). Ordinarily specific activity is expressed per mg-... 

For a mathematically convenient analysis of these equations, we express the concentrations of E and S as unitless quantities. Specifically, we express their concentrations relative to the initial contractions u = [S]/S0 and v = [ I AS 1 / E . 

Non-linear Dipole Polarizabilities. In weak electric fields, the linear dipolar polarizability a appearing in equations (67) and (68) is a quantity specific to the atom or molecule (the volume polarizability Og corresponds to the spatial dimensions of the electron shell and is of the order and dimoision of 10 m ) in fact, it describes the linear distortion of the shell under the influence of the field strength E (in the case of atoms, the electrons are, classically, performing harmonic oscillations). In the general case, the polarizability can depend on the field strength, if the latter is sufficiently large. One thus has to re-write equation (67) as follows ... 

The observed rotation depends on the number of chiral molecules that interact with polarized light. This in turn depends on the concentration of the sample and the length of the sample tube. To standardize optical rotation data, the quantity specific rotation ([a]) is defined using a specific sample tube length (usually 1 dm), concentration, temperature (25 °C), and wavelength (589 nm, the D line emitted by a sodium lamp). 

Here V denotes the quantization volume, and e 1 is the unit polarization vector for the radiation mode characterized by wavevector k, polarization A and circular frequency co = c k where it appears, an overbar denotes complex conjugation. The polarization vector is considered a complex quantity specifically to admit the possibility of circular or elliptical polarizations. Associated with each mode (k, A) are a Hermitian conjugate pair of photon annihilation and creation operators, and k / , respectively, which operate eigenstates of //raci with m(k, A) photons (m being the mode occupation number) as follows... 

The most common use that chemists make of numbers is to report values for measured quantities. Specification of a measured quantity generally includes a number and a unit of measurement. For example, a length might be given as 12.00 inches (12.00 in) or 30.48 centimeters (30.48 cm), or 0.3048 meters (0.3048 m), and so on. Specification of the quantity is not complete until the unit of measurement is specified. For example, 30.48 cm is definitely not the same as 30.48 in. We discuss numbers in this section of the chapter, and will use some common units of measurement. We discuss units in the next section. 

The state of the system is given by a set of values of properly chosen physical variables. To determine unambiguously the state of the simplest system (a pure substance in one phase) one should know two properties (e.g. temperature and pressure) in addition to the quantity (moles). To describe the state of more complex systems one should know more properties (e.g. the concentrations of individual species). The thermodynamic properties of the system depending only on the state and not on the way by which the system has reached the given state, are called state functions. The typical fundamental state functions are temperature, pressure, volume and concentration of the individual components of the system. The thermodynamic properties are usually classified into extensive and intensive ones. The extensive properties are proportional to the quantity of the substance in the system. Therefore, they are additive, i.e. the total extensive property of the system equals the sum of the extensive properties of the individual parts of the system. Typical extensive quantities are weight, energy, volume, number of moles. On the other hand, the intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of the substance in the system (pressure, temperature, concentration, specific quantities, specific resistance, molar heat, etc.). 

All the above three quantities (specific heat, isothermal compressibility, and coefficient of thermal expansion) provide the response of the system to external perturbation of different kinds (clear Irom the names) and are called response functions of... 

A change of independent variables from mixture invariant r, py to mixture invariant T, P, wp, may be done also for primed quantities, specifically for (4.224) fa = a(T, P, u)p) and therefore (4.216) is valid also for primed partial thermodynamic quantities (see (4.226))... 

The concept of fast or slow couples is therefore independent of the potential applied, since it is intrinsic to the system. However it does depend on other experimental parameters through the mass transport rate constant. The latter parameter is in fact a function of the quantities specific to the mass transport of the species in question (diffusion coefficient or electrochemical mobility), but it also depends on other characteristics in the system which vary according to each type of experiment, as illustrated in the examples below. 

Analysis of the chemical composition of mink s leather tissue before and after impact of microorganisms testifies to reduction of the quantity of fatty matter with simultaneous relative increase of collagen proteins and mineral substances quantity (specifically observed in the raw material) (Table 2). 

The study of physical adsorption processes is very important in the characterization of solid stufaces because it allows determination of the following quantities specific surface, porosity, and molecular interactions between gases and solids. The results are usually expressed as adsorption isotherms P = fiph where P is the adsorbent X>ncentration on the surface in mol Cm" . 

The specific heat, c, is defined in a similar manner and is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of material by 1°, with units of W-sec/g- C. The quantity "specific heat" in this context refers to the quantity Cif which is the specific heat measured with the volume constant, as opposed to Cf, which is measured with the pressure constant. At the temperatures of interest, these numbers are nearly the same for most solid materials. The specific heat is primarily the result of an increase in the vibrational energy of the atoms when heated, and the specific heat of most materials increases with temperature up to a temperatme called the Dehye temperature, at which point it becomes essentially independent of temperatme. The specific heat of several common ceramic materials as a function of temperature is shown... 

Quantity. Specific Gravity. Botaticn. Retractive Index. 

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