Incident flux

Typically, the ratio of this to the incident flux detennines the transition probability. This infonnation will be averaged over the energy range of the initial wavepacket, unless one wants to project out specific energies from the solution. This projection procedure is accomplished using the following expression for the energy resolved (tune-independent) wavefunction in tenns in tenns of its time-dependent counterpart ... 

Reflectance A measure of the extent to which a surface is capable of reflecting radiation, defined as the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiant flux to the intensity of the incident flux. 

It is assumed that the target surface faces toward the radiation source so that it receives the maximum incident flux. The rate of combustion depends on the release. For a pool fire of a fuel with a boiling point above the ambient temperature (Tg), the combustion rate can be estimated by the empirical relation ... 

The surface-emissive powers of fireballs depend strongly on fuel quantity and pressure just prior to release. Fay and Lewis (1977) found small surface-emissive powers for 0.1 kg (0.22 pound) of fuel (20 to 60 kW/m 6300 to 19,000 Btu/hr/ ft ). Hardee et al. (1978) measured 120 kW/m (38,000 Btu/hr/ft ). Moorhouse and Pritchard (1982) suggest an average surface-emissive power of 150 kW/m (47,500 Btu/hr/ft ), and a maximum value of 300 kW/m (95,000 Btu/hr/ft ), for industrialsized fireballs of pure vapor. Experiments by British Gas with BLEVEs involving fuel masses of 1000 to 2000 kg of butane or propane revealed surface-emissive powers between 320 and 350 kW/m (100,000-110,000 Btu/hr/ft Johnson et al. 1990). Emissive power, incident flux, and flame height data are summarized by Mudan (1984). 

All bodies traveling in a fluid experience dynamic heating, the magnitude of which depends upon the body characteristics and the environmental parameters. Modern supersonic aircraft, for example, experience appreciable heating. This incident flux is accommodated by the use of an insulated metallic structure, which provides a near balance between the incident thermal pulse and the heat dissipated by surface radiation. Hence, only a small amount of heat has to be absorbed by mechanisms other than radiation. 

To obtain the differential cross-section we must divide w by the incident flux... 

Reflectance. The optical property of reflectance is the ratio of reflected flux of light to the incident flux. Unless otherwise specified, the total reflectance is meant, which includes specular and diffuse reflectance. 

Transmittance.Transmittance is the ratio of the radiant flux transmitted by a material to the incident flux. 

The rates are commonly defined by r = N/M, i.e. the intensity N normalised by monitor M. The monitor count is proportional to the incident flux, as this normalisation... 

Divide every scattering pattern and every background by the actual incident flux measured by the first ionization chamber, and divide it by the actual exposure time. 

In two independent studies, InP was grown from the precursor complex [(CH3)2In /i-P(But)2 ]2.255 256 262 First, Cowley et al. employed the use of a cold-wall reactor to deposit InP using H2 or He as the carrier gas, with substrate temperatures between 450 °C and 700 °C. Using an MBE reactor, Bradley and co-workers found that stoichiometric growth was only possible at 480 °C and only when a simultaneous secondary incident flux of dissociated phosphine was added. Lower growth temperatures resulted in indium-rich deposits. 

The incident flux used in the NBS smoke chamber is only a single value, at 2.5 w/cm2, which is a relatively mild flux for a fire, and cannot, thus represent all the facets of a fire. The light source is polychromatic, which causes problems of soot deposits and optics cleaning, as compared to measurements done using a monochromatic (laser) beam. Finally, the units of the normal output of this smoke chamber are fairly arbitrary and the data is of little use in fire hazard assessment. 

Data measured, at each of three incident fluxes, include the maximum rate of heat release (Max RHR, in kw/m2), the total heat released after 15 min (THR015, in MJ/m2), the maximum rate of smoke release (Max RSR, in 1/s) and the total amount of smoke released after 15 min... 

Utilizing the Shokri and Beyler method to estimate the incident flux on a target involves the following steps ... 

The impact of the fire on equipment 5 m away is determined by first calculating the incident heat flux to the equipment. Using the method of Shokri and Beyler, the incident flux [Equation (5-11)] is calculated as ... 

The distance from the center of the flame to the top of the process equipment, R, is calculated assuming the arrangement shown in Figure 5-18. Selecting the top of the process equipment as the target will lead to higher incident fluxes, as this location is closest to the point source representation of the fire (i.e., mid-height of the flame). 

The coarsening process (growth of dominant wavelength) takes place during the approach to equilibrium as well. We carried out simulations verifying this. We started the process with 2 dimensional sine wave initial conditions, and with no incident flux, so that the surface relaxed towards a plane. After a short transient (during which the... 

The surface current consists of a non-equilibrium part driven by the incident flux and the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier, and the equilibrium part driven by capillary forces ... 

Now we have a loop parameter, the short-circuit current, which is proportional to a magnetic flux without a time derivative, like the phase difference in (21). Of course, this is now an incident flux that has been excluded by the closed (perfectly conducting) loop. 

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