Application of RBS

The application of RBS is mostly limited to materials applications, where concentrations of elements are fairly high. RBS is specifically well suited to the study of thin film stmctures. The NMP is usefiil in studying lateral inliomogeneities in these layers [30] as, for example, in cases where the solid state reaction of elements in the surface layers occur at specific locations on the surfaces. Other aspects, such as lateral diffusion, can also be studied in tluee-dimensions. 

Listed below is a summary of some common applications of RBS. 

Other successful applications of RBS on flat supported model catalysts include such systems as Rh/ATCF/Al [38,39] and ZrCF/SiCVSi [40]. The reason that RBS... 

Other successful applications of RBS on flat supported model catalysts include systems such as RI1/AI2O3/AI [47, 48] and Zr02 [49], PtCo [50] and Cr on Si02/ Si(100) [51]. The reason why RBS is so effective with these systems is that they consist of heavy elements on top of a lighter support, with the fortunate consequence that peaks due to the elements of interest appear on a background of almost zero. 

Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) is an established technique for analysis of inorganic materials. Recently, several applications of RBS on polymer films have been reported however, the effect of ion beams on these surfaces has not been well documented. RBS has been used to determine fluorine distribution in polymers. Since ion beam irradiation of polymers can induce chemical changes, instrumental parameters need to be optimized to minimize damage. 

The application of nuclear methods to studies of ceramic surfaces and interfaces is a well-developed methodology, although not as yet applied extensively to mineral surfaces. Relevant applications of RBS, PIXE, NRA, ERDA and high-resolution a-spectroscopy have been described in the review by Matzke [9.1]. Analyses by RBS, used in the channeling mode, and NRA have revealed structural defects in U Ov-y RBS is sensitive mainly to the metal atom sublattice. whereas NRA can be used selectively to study the nonmeial sublattice. It was shown that the U sublattice is nearly identical to that of UO2, whereas significant cluster formation occurs in the O sublattice these observations have implications for surface sites in the material. Investigations of surface reactions (e.g., leaching and dis.soIution) of titanates and UO2 by nuclear techniques have... 

Over the last seventeen year s the Analytical center at our Institute amassed the actual material on the application of XRF method to the quantitative determination of some major (Mg, Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ti, Mn, Fe) and trace (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, Th, U) element contents [1, 2]. This paper presents the specific features of developed techniques for the determination of 25 element contents in different types of rocks using new Biaiker Pioneer automated spectrometer connected to Intel Pentium IV. The special features of X-ray fluorescence analysis application to the determination of analyzed elements in various types of rocks are presented. The softwai e of this new X-ray spectrometer allows to choose optimal calibration equations and the coefficients for accounting for line overlaps by Equant program and to make a mathematic processing of the calibration ai ray of CRMs measured by the Loader program. 

Three common uses of RBS analysis exist quantitative depth profiling, areal concentration measurements (atoms/cm ), and crystal quality and impurity lattice site analysis. Its primary application is quantitative depth profiling of semiconductor thin films and multilayered structures. It is also used to measure contaminants and to study crystal structures, also primarily in semiconductor materials. Other applications include depth profilii of polymers, high-T superconductors, optical coatings, and catalyst particles. ... 

Recent advances in accelerator technology have reduced the cost and size of an RBS instrument to equal to or less than many other analytical instruments, and the development of dedicated RBS systems has resulted in increasing application of the technique, especially in industry, to areas of materials science, chemistry, geology, and biology, and also in the realm of particle physics. However, due to its historical segregation into physics rather than analytical chemistry, RBS still is not as readily available as some other techniques and is often overlooked as an analytical tool. 

One of the most fascinating applications of channeling RBS is the study of lattice locations of impurity atoms. By measuring the angular dependence of the back-scattering yield of the impurity and host atoms around three independent channeling axes it is possible to calculate the position of the impurity. Details can be found elsewhere [3.122]. 

Dikshith TSS, Raizada RB, Kumar SN, et al. 1988. Effect of repeated dermal application of endosulfan to rats. Vet Hum Toxicol 30 219-224. 

Ekins S, Kim RB, Leake BE, Dantzig AH, Schuetz E, Lan LB, et al. Application of three dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of P-glycoprotein inhibitors and substrates. Mol Pharmacol 2002 61 974-981. 

Ion beam probes are used in a wide range of techniques, including Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). The applications of these and number of other uses of ion beam probes are discussed. 

The participation of cations in redox reactions of metal hexacyanoferrates provides a unique opportunity for the development of chemical sensors for non-electroactive ions. The development of sensors for thallium (Tl+) [15], cesium (Cs+) [34], and potassium (K+) [35, 36] pioneered analytical applications of metal hexacyanoferrates (Table 13.1). Later, a number of cationic analytes were enlarged, including ammonium (NH4+) [37], rubidium (Rb+) [38], and even other mono- and divalent cations [39], In most cases the electrochemical techniques used were potentiometry and amperometry either under constant potential or in cyclic voltammetric regime. More recently, sensors for silver [29] and arsenite [40] on the basis of transition metal hexacyanoferrates were proposed. An apparent list of sensors for non-electroactive ions is presented in Table 13.1. 

The spectroscopy and dynamics of photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers have attracted considerable experimental attention [1-52]. In particular, application of spectroscopic techniques to RCs has revealed the optical features of the molecular systems. For example, the absorption spectra of Rb. Sphaeroides R26 RCs at 77 K and room temperature are shown in Fig. 2 [42]. One can see from Fig. 2 that the absorption spectra present three broad bands in the region of 714—952 nm. These bands have conventionally been assigned to the Qy electronic transitions of the P (870 nm), B (800 nm), and H (870 nm) components of RCs. By considering that the special pair P can be regarded as a dimer of two... 

Grewal PS, Grewal SK, Tylor RAJ, Hammond RB. Application of molluscicidal nematodes to slug shelters a novel approach to economic biological control of slugs. Bio Cont. 2001 22 72-80. 

Application of Equation 2 requires that an estimate of the surface concentration, C0, be made, and that it is assumed not to change as a function of reaction progress. Conceptually this can be considered equal to concentrations of the sorbed alkali on the glass surface and is estimated from the maximum elemental concentrations measured by XPS analysis. The CQ terms for Rb, Cs, and Sr are 1.3x10, 6.5xlO <4, and 9.2X10"4 moles cm-3, respectively. 

Substitution of Rb for Ag has led to an ordered Rblj array within which Ag ions are disordered at room temperature over an array of face-shared tetrahedral sites although the E = in this compound is a little larger, stabilisation of fast ionic conduction to room temperature with the elimination of a first-order phase change between room temperature and the melting point was a major technical accomplishment (Bradley and Greene, 1966 Owens and Argue, 1967). Unfortunately there are few technical applications other than in electronic components that can use Ag as the working ion. 

---