Apiaceae essential oils

Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae) essential oil is able to kill 5. oryzae, and carvone seems to be the active compound against it. (L)-anethole is proven to be effective against R. dominica. Limonene and fenchone, for example, were active against C. pusillus (Lopez et al., 2008). C. copticum C.B. Clarke volatile oil constituents are thymol, a-terpineol, and p-cymene. Especially S. oryzae was weak against the fumigant action of the essential oil, but also mortality on T. castaneum can be observed (Sahafet al, 2007). 

Among many others, well-known families rich in essential oil bearing species are Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Pinaceae, Piperaceae, Rutaceae, Santalaceae, Zingiberaceae and Zy-gophyllaceae [1-4, 8-11, 39]. 

Coumarin 162 (Structure 4.49) is a naturally occurring lactone in crystal form found in hay and tonka beans. It is one of the most used fragrance materials and is responsible for spicy green notes. Dihydrocoumarine 163 is also present in various essential oils with a characteristic sweet herbal odour. Umbellif-erone 164, scopoletin 165, bergaptene 166 and coumarin are found in Rutaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae oils. Nepetalactones 167 are confined to the oils of Nepeta species [1,3, 21-23, 63]. 

Phenylpropanoids are widespread in higher plants, especially in the plants that produce essential oils, e.g. plants of the families, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Rutaceae. For example, Tolu balsam (Myroxylon balsamum, family Fabaceae) yields a high concentration of cinnamic acid esters, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum, family Lauraceae) produces cinnamaldehyde, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare, family Apiaceae) is a good... 

Khattab, M.E. and Omer, E.A. (1999) Influence of excessive fertilization with micro nutrients on the growth, yield, essential oil and micro elements of some Apiaceae plants. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture 26(3), 249-266. 

Mahyar, J., Farshad, N., Samira, D. and Mohammad, K. (2006) Effects of the fruit essential oil of Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Apiaceae) on pentylenetetrazol-induced epileptiform activity in F1 neurones of Helix aspersa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1 04(1 -2), 278-282. 

Kosalec, I., Pepelinjak, S. and Kustrak, D. (2005) Antifungal activity of fluid extract and essential oil from anise fruits (Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae). Acta Pharmaceutica 55(4), 377-385. 

Wolski, T., Najda, A. and Hoderna Kedzia, E. (2004) The content and composition of essential oils and extracts obtained from fruits of some plants of the Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) family and preliminary antibacterial assessment of extracts. Postepy Fitoterapii 5(13), 119-125. 

CARAWAY, Carvi fructus and aetheroleum Caraway is the schizocarp of Carum carvi L., family Apiaceae, growing in Asia and Europe, now also grown in the USA and Canada. The drug contains 3-6% essential oil containing 50-80% (+) carvone and limonene. It has spasmolytic, antibacterial and carminative effects. 

ANISE, Anisi fructus-inA aetheroleum Amsc is the schizocarp of Pimpinella anisum L., family Apiaceae, with its origin in Egypt and Greece and cultivated in Europe and South America. The drug contains 2% essential oil with the main ingredient anethole (80-90%). The oil is also used as an expectorant (section R05C). 

CORIANDER, Coriandri fructus and aetheroleum Coriander is the schizocarp of Coriandrum sativum L., family Apiaceae, growing in the Eastern Mediterranian region and now cultivated in Southern Europe, Georgia and India. The globe-shaped fruit contains essential oil with the principal ingredients D-linalool (60-70%) and [Pg.48]

L., family Apiaceae, which grows commonly in the mountain regions of Scandinavia and Northern Asia. It contains 0.3-1.0% essential oil, with a- and -pheUandrene (20-40%), a-pinene (up to 30%) and bitter substances ... 

FOOLS PARSLEY Aethusa cynapium, L., Family Apiaceae, is a European weed. The whole plant is poisonous due to the occurrence of very low content of the alkaloid coniine, a cicutoxin-like substance and essential oil. There have been lethal poisonings among humans and cattle. Symptoms of poisoning are stomach-ache, increased production of saliva, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache and blurred vision. 

Essential oils have even shown potential for the treatment of viral diseases. Recently, the results of an investigation were reported on the antiviral and antibacterial activity of essential oils from the fruit of some species of the genus Heracleum L. (Apiaceae) [218]. As well as having antibacterial activity against S. aureus and other bacteria, the essential oils from Heracleum L. species also showed considerable antiviral activity... 

To investigate the potential of the SEME technique, comparisons have been made with hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oil from spices - ajowan Carum ajowan Apiaceae), cumin (Cuminum cyminum Umbdliferae), star anise Illicium anisatum Illiciaceae) - and from fresh aromatic herbs - basil ( Ocimum basilicum Labiaceae), crispate mint [Mentha crispa Labiaceae), thyme (Thymus vulgaris Labia-ceae) [59, 60]. The yields of essential oil and their chemical composition for the two extraction methods are reported in Table 22.4. 

Typically consisting of highly complex mixtures of mono- (Cjo), sesquiterpenes (C15), 49 d phenols that confer the scent of the plant from which they are derived, plant essential oils are obtained through steam distillation of plant material from a relatively select group of plants [5]. As a result, most essential oils come from highly aromatic species such as those in the Apiaceae (carrot), Lamiaceae (mint). 

C,oH,t, Mr 136.24, oil. Isomeric bicyclic raonoter-penes ( SARH-)-a-E, bp. 155-158°C, [a]D-32 (neat) fi-E, bp. 153 °C, [a]D +84.9° (neat). a-F. occurs in the essential oil of leaves of the western red cedar (Thuja plicata, Cupressaceae) and the medicinal valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) while P-F. occurs in the fruits of common caraway (Carum carvi, Apiaceae). ... 

Metabolically altered acetylenic compounds are common constituents of many plants of the families Apiaceae, Aralia-ceae, and Asteraceae, but also occur in the Campanulaceae and Pittosporaceae (Downum and Nemec, 1987). Among the ftmgi, acetylenes of this type are quite common in basidi-omycetes. Acetylenes usually occur free, are found in diverse parts of the organism, and are found frequently as essential oil components. Other acetylenes only are obtained by extraction with nonpolar solvents. 

Acetylenic compounds that occur in essential oils probably contribute to the overall taste-odor properties in several spices and herbs derived from the Apiaceae. Compound (8) (Fig. 3.13), in association with monoterpenes, contributes to the flavor of caraway, Carum carvi. 

P-Ocimene (47) is a repellent to die leaf cutter ant Atta cephalotes in both field and laboratory experiments (Har-bome, 1987). Experiments with the aphid Cavariella aego-podii, which feeds on umbellifer species in summer, indicate that the aphid can be captured in traps baited with carvone (48), but are repelled by linalool (6) (Chapman et al., 1981 Harbome, 1987). Carvone occurs in the essential oils of several plants of the Apiaceae. 

Essential oils are involved in the feeding response of several Papilio species to members of the Apiaceae (Feeny et al., 1983). Many species of butterflies that feed on the Apia-... 

Stahl-Biskup, E. and E. M. Wichtmann. 1991. Composition of the essential oils from roots of some Apiaceae in relation to the development of their oil duct systems. Flavour Fraer. J.. 6 249-255. 

Quassinti, L., Bramucci, M., Lupidi, G., Barboni, L., Ricciutelli, M., Sagratini, G. et al. (2013a). In vitro biological activity of essential oils and isolated furanosesquiterpenes from the neglected vegetable Smyrnium olusatrum L. (Apiaceae). 138, 808-813. 

Samojlik, L, N. Lakic, N. Mimica-Dukic, K. Dakovic-Svajcer, and B. Bozin, 2010. Antioxidant and hepato-protective potential of essential oils of coriander Coriandrum sativum L.) and caraway Carum carvi L.) (Apiaceae). J.Amc. Food Chem.. 58(15) 8848-8853. 

Benelli, G., Flamini, G., Fiore, G., Cioni, P. L., Conti, B. 2013. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) fruits against the lariasis vector Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera Ciilicidael. Parasitol. Res. 112(3) 1155-1161. 

Evergetis, E., Michaelakis, A., Kioulos, E., Koliopoulos, G., Haroutounian, S. A. 2009. Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of essential oils from six Apiaceae family taxa against the West Nile virus vector Culexpipiens. ParasitoL. 105(1) 117-124. 

Di Pasqua, R., V. De Feo, F. Villani et al., 2005. In vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Apiaceae, Verbenaceae and Lamiaceae against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. Ann. Microbiol., 55 139-145. 

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