Baited traps

Dnstabilised ylids usually give more ais product with aldehydes. Muscature (36) is a house-fly pheromone used to bait traps and the obvious Wittig synthesis gives 85% aio and 15% truMy. ... 

Mullen, M.A. and Dowdy, A.K. 2001. A pheromone-baited trap for monitoring the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae). J. Stored Prod. Res. 37, 231-235. 

Vick, K.W., Coffelt, J.A., and Weaver, W.A. 1987. Presence of four species of stored-product moths in storage and field situations in north-central Florida as determined with sex pheromone-baited traps. Florida Entomol. 70, 488-492. 

Vick, K.W., Koehler, P.G., and Neal, J.J. 1986. Incidence of store-product phycitinae moths in food distribution warehouses as determined by sex pheromone-baited traps. J. Econ. Entonol. 79, 936-939. 

The simplest chemical compound that attracts adult deer ticks is carbon dioxide, which is in the breath of all mammals. In one experiment designed to study this effect, investigators first dusted 120 ticks with a fluorescent powder to render these tiny creatures more visible and then released them at various distances from a carbon dioxide-baited trap. After six days, the average distance a deer tick had crawled to reach the trap was 1.8 meters (a little less than 6 feet), or 600 body-lengths for a 3-millimeter tick. This is steady progress toward the carbon dioxide source but rather slow locomotion compared with many insects and even other ticks. 

The pheromone chemistry of A. hilare has been studied in detail, using both laboratory (vertical Y-tube) and field bioassays [75]. In Y-tube bioassays, mature females were attracted by male odors, but males were not attractive to other males, and females were not attractive to either sex. Males produced (-)-cis-Z-BAE and (-)-frazzs-Z-BAE in a -19 1 ratio, and other compounds in the extracts were not active. The 19 1 blend was more attractive to females than other ratios, and the individual components were not attractive, indicating that both compounds were required. Females were attracted to the synthetic blend in field cage trials [75],but as with most other phytophagous pentatomids,few bugs were caught in pheromone-baited traps (J.G. Millar and H.M. McBrien, unpublished data). 

The biological activity of the synthetic pheromones of all three Chlorochroa species has been verified in bioassays [106,107]. However, as with other species, bugs are attracted to the vicinity of pheromone-baited traps, but few bugs enter the traps. 

Salom SM, Billings RE, Upton WW, Dalusky MJ, Grosman DM, Payne TI, Berisford GW, Shaver TN, Effect of verbenone enantiomers and racemic endo-brevicomin on response of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera Scolitidae) to attractant-baited traps, Can JForRes22 S2 i—3 i, 1992. 

The first technique using pheromones to manipulate the southern pine beetle population relies on inhibition. Field bioassays have shown that aggregation of the southern pine beetle on attractant-baited traps can be significantly reduced by the... 

Mass Trapping of Ips typographic with Pheromone-Baited Traps... 

Himmelman, J.H., Movement of whelks (Buccinum undulatum) toward a baited trap, Mar. Biol., 97, 521, 1988. 

Hoover S. E. R., Lindgren B. S., Keeling C. I. and Slessor K. N. (2000) Enantiomer preference of Trypodendron lineatum and the effect of pheromone dose and trap length on response to lineatin-baited traps in interior British Columbia../. Chem. Ecol. 26, 667-677. 

Huber D. W. P. and Borden J. H. (2001) Angiosperm bark volatiles disrupt response of Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, to attractant-baited traps. J. Chem. Ecol. 27, 217-233. 

Ross D. W. and Daterman G. E. (1998) Pheromone-baited traps for Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera Scolytidae) influence of selected release rates and trap designs. J. Econ. Entomol. 91, 500-506. 

Albert, von R., Bogenschiitz, H. and Koning, E. (1984). Investigation on the use of pheromone-baited traps for monitoring the population dynamics of Operophthera brumata L. (Lepid., Geometridae). Z. Angew. Entomol., 98, 286-298. 

Water column (large and small plank- plane, bottom plankton net, baited traps, scuba Plankton net, dip net, snatch bottles, 2-4... 

Streams scuba Picking by hand, dip net, baited traps, 5... 

Ill-defined concoctions have for centuries been used to lure muskrats in the USA, but we have looked in vain for published data which prove the effectiveness of these lures. Only one very brief statement by Williams (20) about the effectiveness of addition of "muskrat scent" to carrot-baited traps was found in the Journal of Wildlife Management of 1951. A table showed that the "average trapping success" increased from 23.6 to 42.8%, but the two series of experiments (controls and scented carrots) were not made simultaneously, so these results hardly prove the attractancy of the scent. 

Figure 2. Top Scheme of 4 rafts with baited traps and 24 funnel traps placed in "artificial burrows at the Berkel on the German border. Bottom Funnel trap in plastic pipe placed below the water surface. A scented cork is stuck just above the trap. Results of 2 series of experiments with such traps are shown in Figures...

The baited traps on the rafts seemed less suited for screening attractants, as the apples attract hungry muskrats and only slight, if any, improvement was obtained by adding the lures, with the exception of the American musk which seemed to enhance the attractivity of the baits during the months March and April. 

An additional problem with the baited traps is that they also catch other animals. In the test period 37 male and 2 female muskrats were caught this way, but also 9 common brown rats. At the Hegebeek, a nearby location, at the slopes of a small pool near a lock, the lures A, B and C could only be tested singly, interspaced by two non-scented traps (blanks) (Figure 4). Here again, the extracts of the Dutch muskrats came out best, although the other traps and even one of the blanks were not ineffective. 

Field tests with baited traps and the same three lures in the middle of the country between the branches of the Rhine, did not allow conclusions about the attractancy of the lures to be reached, but they showed that here about equal numbers of males and females were caught. At this location a stabilized colony of muskrats had settled. 

Another disadvantage of the trap-tree system is that the trap -trees remove large numbers of parasites and predators of the bark beetle. By selectively trapping bark beetles in pheromone baited traps, the ratio of natural enemies to bark beetles is increased. It is probable that this altered survivorship in turn may result in higher bark beetle mortality rates. 

Evaluation of the Method. Pheromone baited traps probably will not supress outbreaks in overmature stands after an outbreak has started. The only measure for such stands is clear-felling. 

Evaluation of mating disruption tests was initially based on the reduction in numbers of male moths caught in disparlure-baited traps in treated areas, compared with the catch in areas that had not been treated. Within recent years, such traps have been baited with (+)-disparlure, a much stronger attractant. 

In Table III, mating communication disruption has been used as an indicator of the success of pheromone treatment. Male moth catch in (+)-disparlure-baited traps has been normalized against the number of larvae trapped pre-season, thus introducing a measure of relative population into the calculation of comparative effectiveness. The results obtained in 1980 in Maryland illustrate not only the variation of response with dose, but also the dependence of the efficacy of the technique on population levels. 

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