Antimony chemical species

Andreae, M.O., 1983. The determination of the chemical species of some of the "hydride elements" (arsenic, antimony, tin and germanium) in seawater methology and results. In C.S. Wong, E. Boyle, K.W. Bruland, 3.D. Burton and E.D. Goldberg (eds). Trace Metals in Seawater. Plenum, New York, pp. 1-19. 

Techniques and approaches to the study of the distribution of chemical species of metals and metalloids in biological materials after sample preparation are similar to those already described for other matrices in this book, and in a recent review by Lobinski (1997). The application of these methods has led to a greater understanding of the role of metals and metalloids in biological systems. Some of the new developments in understanding the environmental behaviour of antimony, arsenic, selenium and tin are reviewed. 

Recent interests have focused on establishing whether inorganic antimony is reduced and biomethylated in the environment, and the development of methods which provide unequivocal identification of the various chemical species. Dodd et at. (1996) produced one of the first pieces of evidence to show the presence of antimony species in biota collected from polluted lakes. Four antimony-containing species Sb(III) methylstibine, CH3SbH2 dimethylstibine, (CH3)2SbH and trimethylstibine, (CH3)3Sb were detected. Further evidence of biomethylation was produced by Giirleyiik et at. (1997) who detected (CH3)3Sb in the headspace of soil samples to which the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 and either potassium antimonyltartrate or potassium hexahydroxyantimonate had been added. 

Changes in the position of the most intense M—Cl band in a series of antimony chloride species, including SbClg, SbCl , Me2SbCl3, McgSbClj, and SbCa, have been discussed in terms of the effect of the lone pair and the methyl group on bond lengths. The chemical shift in the Sb Mossbauer... 

The formulas which follow constitute a crib sheet for the simplification of formulation procedures. The formulas which appear in quotations do not necessarily produce the chemical species indicated but are rather stoichiometric ratios that may be found convenient in creating a glitter effect. Some are only of theoretical value. As long as a formula lies in the range of the stoichiometry of Equation One to Equation Two, glitter effects are possible. If formulas are desired to go above the Equation Two range, the additional sulfur for delay is best added as antimony sulfide. 

Antimony is present in seawater as four different chemical species antimony(//7) as anti-monous acid, antimony(K) as hexahydroxoantimonate(V) anion and two methylated forms, methylstibonic acid [CH3SbO(OH)2] and dimethylstibinic acid [(CH3)2SbO(OH)] (Andreae et al, 1981 Andreae and Froelich, 1984 Cutter and Cutter, 1995). The dissociation constants of the methylated species are not known by analogy with the arsenic homologues it is probable that they are present as anionic species. It is not known if refractory organic antimony species, such as have been described for arsenic, exist in natural waters. 

If the formation of molecular hydrogen is suppressed, nascent atomic hydrogen may diffuse into the interstices of the metal instead of being harmlessly evolved as a gaseous reaction product There are many chemical species which poison this recombination (e.g., cyanides, arsenic, antimony, or selenium compounds). However, the most commonly encountered species is hydrogen sulfide (H S), which is formed in many natural decompositions, and in many petrochemical processes [21]. 

The most commonly used and widely marketed GC detector based on chemiluminescence is the FPD [82], This detector differs from other gas-phase chemiluminescence techniques described below in that it detects chemiluminescence occurring in a flame, rather than cold chemiluminescence. The high temperatures of the flame promote chemical reactions that form key reaction intermediates and may provide additional thermal excitation of the emitting species. Flame emissions may be used to selectively detect compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, antimony, and arsenic, and even halogens under special reaction conditions [83, 84], but commercial detectors normally are configured only for sulfur and phosphorus detection [85-87], In the FPD, the GC column extends... 

Antimony - the atomic number is 51 and the chemical symbol is Sb. The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for not alone or not one because it was found in many compounds. The chemical symbol, Sb, comes from the original name, stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for mark , since it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The name was changed from stibium to antimonium to antimony. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbHj) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world. 

Figure 2.5 Eh-pH diagrams for major arsenic species in water at 25° C and 1 bar pressure containing 10 6 M total arsenic in diagram A and 10 6 M total arsenic and 0.001 M total sulfide in diagram B. (Reprinted from Vink, B.W., Stability relations of antimony and arsenic compounds in the light of revised and extended Eh-pH diagrams. Chemical Geology, 130, 1-2. Copyright 1996 with permission of Elsevier.)...

Chemical leach tests on the bulk settled dust samples showed that the dusts are quite chemically reactive. Leach solutions have high alkali-nities, due to the rapid partial dissolution of calcium hydroxide from concrete particles. Indoor dust samples produced higher pH levels (11.8-12.4) and alkalinities (—600 mg CaCOa) than outdoor dusts (pH 8.2-10.4 alkalinity —30mgL CaCOa), indicating that outdoor dust samples had reacted with rainfall or other water prior to collection. Thurston et al (2002) found that the leachate pH of the dusts decreased with decreasing particle size. Some metals or metalloids in the dusts (aluminum, chromium, antimony, molybdenum, barium, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel) are readily leached by deionized water many of these form oxyanion species or carbonate complexes that are most mobile at the alkaline pH s generated by the leachates. 

Resonance (ESR). The effects of radiation on arsenic, antimony and bismuth compounds are, however, considerably less documented a compilation of the corresponding information has been published in Landolt-Bomstein and this subject is periodically reviewed in Specialist Reports of the Royal Chemical Society. The purpose of this chapter is not to present an exhaustive compilation of all the species produced by radiolysis of organic compounds which contain an As, Sb or Bi atom, but only to deal with the most important types of radiogenic radicals formed from these compounds and, when possible, to compare the structures of these radicals with those of the corresponding phosphorous species. 

Fig. 1.28. Mass spectra of antimony and antimony oxide cluster distributions synthesized at different oxygen partial pressures in the flow tube reactor presented in Fig. 1.27. (a) oxygen traces only, (b) 4mbar O2, (c) 40mbar O2. The geometric structures shown for the most prominent antimony oxide cluster species in the mass spectra have been determined by quantum chemical calculations (dark spheres, antimony atoms grey spheres, oxygen atoms) [23,163]...

Although twinning is a form of stress relief in crystals, it is also a means of changing the anion to cation stoichiometry and, more importantly in this system, may be the means by which sites with different coordination to the normal crystal matrix are achieved. Such an alteration would change the chemical properties of this localized region and thereby be of potential influence in the catalytic properties of the material. In particular, it could relate to the accommodation of cationic species in unusual or lower oxidation states and be relevant to the formation of specific active sites. Attention must therefore be given to a detailed consideration of the cationic oxidation states in the tin-antimony oxide catalyst, particularly in the solid solution phase. 

Closer inspection of the Sb Mossbauer parameters (79, 19a) showed that the decreasing antimony(V) chemical isomer shifts with decreasing antimony content in materials calcined for long periods or at high temperatures were consistent with increasing electron density at the antimony nuclei. Such data are compatible with the accumulation of electron density over the cationic species as the antimony content approaches 10%. It has... 

It is well known that the distribution of the chemical elements in a plant is relevant to its physiology, to its defense against parasites and herbivores, to the element s entry into food chains, etc. Perennial herbs (A. ageratum, I. viscosa, S. vulgaris, Reichardia picroides, H. perforatum) or woody species (Ulmus minor, Cistus salvifolius, Rosa canina) concentrate antimony in epigeal parts which are lost at the end of the growing season. In this way, these plants rid themselves each year of part of the absorbed... 

---