Antimony arsenates

In a generalized sense, acids are electron pair acceptors. They include both protic (Bronsted) acids and Lewis acids such as AlCb and BF3 that have an electron-deficient central metal atom. Consequently, there is a priori no difference between Bronsted (protic) and Lewis acids. In extending the concept of superacidity to Lewis acid halides, those stronger than anhydrous aluminum chloride (the most commonly used Friedel-Crafts acid) are considered super Lewis acids. These superacidic Lewis acids include such higher-valence fluorides as antimony, arsenic, tantalum, niobium, and bismuth pentafluorides. Superacidity encompasses both very strong Bronsted and Lewis acids and their conjugate acid systems. 

The lead buUion, ready to be shipped to the refinery, contains in solution impurities such as silver, gold, copper, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, nickel, 2inc, cadmium, tin, tellurium, and platinum metals. 

The pyrometaHurgical processes, ie, furnace-kettle refining, are based on (/) the higher oxidation potentials of the impurities such as antimony, arsenic, and tin, ia comparison to that of lead and (2) the formation of iasoluble iatermetaUic compounds by reaction of metallic reagents such as 2iac with the impurities, gold, silver and copper, and calcium and magnesium with bismuth (Fig. 12). 

Removal by Oxidation. The oxidizing process used to remove antimony, arsenic, and tin has been termed softening because lowering these impurities results in a readily detectable softening of the lead. 

Rea.ctivity ofLea.d—Ca.lcium Alloys. Precise control of the calcium content is required to control the grain stmcture, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of lead—calcium alloys. Calcium reacts readily with air and other elements such as antimony, arsenic, and sulfur to produce oxides or intermetaUic compounds (see Calciumand calciumalloys). In these reactions, calcium is lost and suspended soHds reduce fluidity and castibiUty. The very thin grids that are required for automotive batteries are difficult to cast from lead—calcium alloys. 

Many organic peroxides of metals have been hydrolyzed to alkyl hydroperoxides. The alkylperoxy derivatives of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, boron, cadmium, germanium, lead, magnesium, phosphoms, silicon, tin, and zinc yield alkyl hydroperoxides upon hydrolysis (10,33,60,61). 

Organomineral peroxides of antimony arsenic, boron, magnesium, tin, cadmium, lead, silicon, and 2inc have been prepared by autoxidation and some are Hsted in Table 3 (33,44,60,93,115). For example, dimethyl cadmium reacts with oxygen to form methylperoxy methyl cadmium [69331-62-0] and bis(methylperoxy) cadmium. 

Betts Electrolytic Process. The Betts process starts with lead bullion, which may carry tin, silver, gold, bismuth, copper, antimony, arsenic, selenium, teUurium, and other impurities, but should contain at least 90% lead (6,7). If more than 0.01% tin is present, it is usually removed from the bullion first by means of a tin-drossing operation (see Tin AND TIN ALLOYS, detinning). The lead bullion is cast as plates or anodes, and numerous anodes are set in parallel in each electrolytic ceU. Between the anodes, thin sheets of pure lead are hung from conductor bars to form the cathodes. Several ceUs are connected in series. 

Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, lead, tin and zinc cannot be directly plated by these techniques and should be copper plated. 

Epithermal Low temperatures (< 300 °C) and pressures, farthest from the intrusive, mixed with connate and meteroric waters Gold, silver, mercury, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, selenium, lead, zinc... 

About 100 gal of process wastewater is typically generated from 1 t of coke produced.15 These wastewaters from byproduct coke making contain high levels of oil and grease, ammonia nitrogen, sulfides, cyanides, thiocyanates, phenols, benzenes, toluene, xylene, other aromatic volatile components, and polynuclear aromatic compounds. They may also contain toxic metals such as antimony, arsenic, selenium, and zinc. Water-to-air transfer of pollutants may take place due to the escape of volatile pollutants from open equalization and storage tanks and other wastewater treatment systems in the plant. 

The treatment options available for the 14 elements antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, vanadium, and zinc are as follows15 ... 

Electrolytic copper refining Blister copper Process wastewater Slimes containing impurities such as gold, silver, antimony, arsenic, bismuth, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, sulfur, and zinc... 

As mentioned above, approximately 7% of the total sulfur present in lead ore is emitted as S02. The remainder is captured by the blast furnace slag. The blast furnace slag is composed primarily of iron and silicon oxides, as well as aluminum and calcium oxides. Other metals may also be present in smaller amounts, including antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, silver, and zinc. This blast furnace slag is either recycled back into the process or disposed of in piles on site. About 50 to 60% of the recovery furnace output is slag and residual lead, which are both returned to the blast furnace. The remainder of this dross furnace output is sold to copper smelters for recovery of the copper and other precious metals. 

Organic pollutants Pesticides Metals Antimony Arsenic Asbestos Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Mercury Nickel Selenium Silver Thallium Zinc... 

Metals and inorganics Antimony Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Copper Cyanide Lead Nickel Selenium Zinc Organics Toluene Chloroform... 

Chemical precipitation is used in porcelain enameling to precipitate dissolved metals and phosphates. Chemical precipitation can be utilized to permit removal of metal ions such as iron, lead, tin, copper, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, mercury, manganese, cobalt, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, molybdenum, and trivalent chromium. Removal efficiency can approach 100% for the reduction of heavy metal ions. Porcelain enameling plants commonly use lime, caustic, and carbonate for chemical precipitation and pH adjustment. Coagulants used in the industry include alum, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, and polymers.10-12... 

Antimony, arsenic, selenium, tellurium, iridium, iron, molybdenum, osmium, potassium, rhodium, tungsten (and when primed with charcoal,) aluminium, copper, lead, magnesium, silver, tin, zinc. Interaction of lithium or calcium with chlorine tri- or penta-fluorides is hypergolic and particularly energetic. 

Intimate mixtures with carbon or phosphorus may ignite or explode [1]. Other readily oxidisable materials (probably antimony, arsenic, boron, sulfur, selenium) also form explosive mixtures [2], Use of finely powdered carbon, rather than the granular carbon specified for a reagent, mixed with sodium peroxide caused an explosion [3],... 

Stroh and Voellkopf [746] utilised flow injection analysis coupled to ICP-MS to determine down to 0.6 ppt of antimony, arsenic, and mercury in seawater. 

Harris A softening process for removing antimony, arsenic, and tin from lead. The mixed metals are heated with a molten mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrate. Invented by H. Harris at H. J. Enthoven Sons. 

In all 28 parameters were individually mapped alkalinity, aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, boron, bromide, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, conductivity, copper, fluoride, hardness, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nitrate, pH, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulphate, thallium, uranium, and zinc. These parameters constitute the standard inorganic analysis conducted at the DENV Analytical Services Laboratory. 

Antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, calcium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, indium, iridium, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, palladium, platinum, potassium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, selenium, silver, sodium, tellurium, thallium, zinc... 

Intimate mixtures of chlorates, bromates or iodates of barium, cadmium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc, with finely divided aluminium, arsenic, copper carbon, phosphorus, sulfur hydrides of alkali- and alkaline earth-metals sulfides of antimony, arsenic, copper or tin metal cyanides, thiocyanates or impure manganese dioxide may react violently or explosively, either spontaneously (especially in presence of moisture) or on initiation by heat, friction, impact, sparks or addition of sulfuric acid [1], Mixtures of sodium or potassium chlorate with sulfur or phosphorus are rated as being exceptionally dangerous on frictional initiation. 

Cutter GA, Cutter LS (1995) Behavior of dissolved antimony, arsenic, and selenium in the Atlantic Ocean. In IOC Contaminants Baseline Study. Marine Chemistry. Yeats PA, Shiller AM (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, p 295-306... 

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