Antibody response and

Vinuesa CG, Tangye SG, Moser B, Mackay CR. Follicular B helper T cells in antibody responses and autoimmunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2005 5(ll) 853-865. 

Quinnell, R.J., Woolhouse, M.E.J., Walsh, E.A. and Pritchard, D.I. (1995) Immunoepidemiology of human necatoriasis correlations between antibody responses and parasite burdens. Parasite Immunology 17, 313-318. 

It has already been noted that the phenotype of an acquired immune response is considered to reflect the early cytokine environment in which naive CD4+ T cells interact with antigen. Again, it has been suggested, for example, that early exposure to IL-4 can push an immune response in a Th-2 direction (Swain et al., 1990). We therefore investigated (by ELISA) whether ES-62 was able spontaneously to induce IL-4 secretion in naive murine spleen cells (48 h exposure). Ironically, given that the molecule induces a Th-2 antibody response and seems to be able to induce the release of a number of other cytokines, IL-4 was not detected (Harnett et al., 1999a). It was noted, however, that IL-4 was produced by spleen cells from mice that had been pre-exposed to ES-62. This established Th-2 phenotype is consistent with the antibody data. 

A. L. Sorensen, C. A. Reis, M. A. Tarp, V. Sankaranarayanan, T. Schwientek, R. Graham, J. Taylor-Papadimitriou, M. A. Hollingsworth, J. Burchell, and H. Clausen, Chemoenzymatically synthesized multimeric Tn/STn MUC1 glyco-peptides elicit cancer-specific anti-MUCl antibody responses and override tolerance, Glycobiology, 16 (2006) 96-107. 

Rho(D) IG (RDIg) suppresses the antibody response and formation of anti-Rho(D) in Rho(D)-negative, Du-negative women exposed to Rho(D)-... 

Heavy Metals. Some heavy metals such as gold and platinum are used pharmacologically as immunomodulators to treat rheumatoid arthritis and as antineoplastic drugs, respectively. Most heavy metals inhibit mitogenicity, antibody responses, and host resistance to bacterial or viral challenge, and tumor growth. Platinum has been shown to suppress humoral immunity, lymphocyte proliferation, and macrophage function (Lawrence, 1985). Clinically, mild to moderate myelosuppression may also be evident with transient leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 

By using recombinant DNA techniques, modifications in the protein backbone, such as additions, deletions and alterations of amino acids, are easily achieved. These modifications can contribute to improved pharmacokinetic properties of the construct. Additions may consist of the introduction of residues that allow covalent conjugation of drug molecules. Deletions of amino acids can employed to remove membrane-bound regions of a protein, thereby increasing its solubility. Single amino acid modifications can be used to minimize antibody responses and alter the binding specificity and/or the three-dimensional structure of a certain protein. 

In rabbits with undemutrition due to a shortage of calories there was a depressed agglutinin production against typhoid vaccine (C3, R4). A similar incapacity to produce antibodies to typhoid vaccine was reported in children with severe protein malnutrition (Bll). During treatment of 5 children, mean age 24 months, with chronic primary malnutrition, it was observed that their response to a single standard dose of 100 imits of purified diphtheroid toxoid was small and slow. Furthermore there was no correlation between specific antibody response and serum protein levels (02). 

The marked decrease of the serum IgM in patients with Burkitt s lymphoma have been confirmed by Ziegler et al. (Zl) in East Africa, who noticed an impairment of the primary antibody response and low serum IgM levels in untreated patients with Burkitt s lymphoma, but not in patients in remission. They postulated a defect in humoral immunity possibly to impaired IgM synthesis. 

For keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) both antibody responses and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions can be determined [43—45]. In addition several infectious models, including bacterial, viral and parasitic infections may be used to challenge the immune system [18,46]. As survival and eradication of the infections is the primary function of the immune system, these models provide direct information on the functional status of the immune system. Direct immunotoxic compounds will induce immunosuppression and thus an increase in infection rate and/or severity of the infection. The number of infectious agents (bacteria, parasites, or viral colonyforming units), increased morbidity and mortality are indications for an immunotoxic effect. Also a reduction in specific antibody levels in animals treated with the test compound compared to nontreated controls indicates immunosuppression. 

These consist of microorganisms killed by heat or chemicals. Killed vaccines usually require a primary series of two-three doses of vaccine to produce an adequate antibody response and generally booster dose is required. The duration of immunity varies from months to years, (e.g. in case of polio vaccine) The examples are ... 

In another study involving patients with metastatic breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer, increased anti-sTn titers were correlated with better survival. Even if before treatment, elevated titers of antibodies against the mucin MUC1, were correlated with a poor response to immunotherapy, CTL precursors to the MUC1 were detected in carcinoma patients [208], A vaccine using 10 pg/ml MUC1-KLH mixed with Detox was injected s.c. in breast cancer patients treated with cyclophosphamide. A weak antibody response, and an ex vivo CTL response against HLA-matched adenocarcinoma cell lines were seen. No correlation with the clinical outcome was available [209],... 

Mwatha, J.K., Jones, F.M., Mohamed, G., Naus, C.W., Riley, E.M., Butterworth, A.E., Kimani, G., Kariuki, C.H., Ouma, J.H., Koech, D. and Dunne, D.W. (2003) Associations between anti-Schistosoma mansoni and anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibody responses and hepatosplenomegaly, in Kenyan schoolchildren. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 187, 1337-1341. 

Strasser, A., S. Whittingham, D. L. Vaux, M. L. Bath, J. M. Adams, S. Cory, and A. W. Harris. 1991. Enforced BCL2 expression in B-lymphoid cells prolongs antibody responses and elicits autoimmune disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 8661-8665. 

H5. Halstead, S. B., Nimmanittya, S., and Cohen, S. N., Observations related to pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. IV. Relation of disease severity to antibody response and virus recovered. Yale J. Biol. Med. 42, 311-328 (1970). 

Cocaine has been investigated for capacity to alter antibody responses and has been found found to be immunosuppressive for some antigens, but not others (Ou et al., 1989 Watson et al., 1983 Havas etal., 1987). 

Peng X, Cebra JJ, Adler MW, Meissler Jr JJ, Cowan A, Feng P, Eisenstein TK (2001) Morphine inhibits mucosal antibody responses and TGF-P mRNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue following oral cholera toxin in mice. J Immunol 167 3677-3681. 

Jackson, J. Dworkin, R. Tsai, T. McMullen, R. Kuchmak, N. Comparison of antibody response and patient tolerance of yellow fever vaccine administered by the Biojector needle-free injection system versus conventional needle/syringe injection. International Society of Travel Medicine Conference, Paris, 1993. 

Top, F.H., Jr. Buescher, E.L. Bancroft, W.H. Russell, P.K. Immunization with live type 7 and type 4 adenovirus vaccines. II Antibody response and protective effect against acute respiratory disease due to adenovirus type 7. J. Infect. Dis. 1971, 124, 155-160. 

Scheule AM, Beierlein W, Wendel HP, Jurmann MJ, Eckstein FS, Ziemer G. Aprotinin in fibrin tissue adhesives induces specific antibody response and increases antibody response of high-dose intravenous application. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999 118(2) 348-53. 

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