Macrophages, functions

Male mice exposed to 7.3 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks had significantly decreased spleen weights and decreased neutrophil counts (Hoechst 1984b), indicating that immune activity in mice may also be affected. An intermediate-duration oral MRL of 0.005 mg/kg/day was derived based on the NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg/day for immunotoxicity identified in the Banerjee and Hussain (1986) study. In support of these positive findings, Khurana et al. (1998) observed decreased macrophage functionality, in the absence of any other apparent toxicological effects, in 1-day-old broiler chicks fed 30 ppm endosulfan in the diet for 4 or 8 weeks. 

Khurana SK, Chauhan RS, Mahipal SK. 1998. Immunotoxic effects of cypermethrin and endosulfan on macrophage functions of broiler chicks. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 68(2) 105-106. 

When looking at macrophage function in mediating inflammatory responses, several groups have shown either a marked induction or suppression of cytokine and... 

Pacifici R, Di Carlo S, Bacosi A, Zuccaro P (1993) Macrophage functions in drugs of abuse-treated mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 15(6) 711-716 Park JE, Barbul A (2004) Understanding the role of immune regulation in wound healing. Am J Surg 187(5A) 11S-16S... 

Urethane hydrolyzes into an amine, an alcohol, and carbon dioxide. So the possible degradation products of a poly(phosphoester-urethane) are diamines, diols, phosphates, carbon dioxide, and even ureas. Urea is possible because the isocyanate is extremely sensitive to moisture, which would convert the isocyanate to an amino group. One is therefore bound to have traces of diamine in the polymerization that leads to a urea bond in the backbone. We think the cytotoxicity seen in the macrophage functional assay comes from the TDI structure. 

Spector S, Lancz G. Suppression of human macrophage function in vitro by A9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Leukocyte Biol 1991 50 423 426. 

M (altered lung macrophage function including decreased phagocytosis, increased production of oxygen radicals, and increased LDH and lysozyme activities)... 

Macrophage function as sensors is essential for the elimination of pathogens, and also for the regulation of the adaptive immune response and of the inflammatory response [94]. 

Plowden, J. et al. (2004) Innate immunityin aging impact on macrophage function. Aging Cell, 3 (4), 161-167. 

Riches, D. W., Signalling heterogeneity as a contributing factor in macrophage functional diversity. Semin. Cell Biol. 6(6), 377-384 (1995). 

Immune Functionality Measurement of B andT Lymphocytes, NK Cells, and Macrophage Functions... 

Laskin, D.L. et al., Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen, Hepatology, 21,1045, 1995. 

Shin, J.Y. et al., Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function, Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, 24, 469, 2002. 

Pb-induced skewing of Th activity (biasing responses toward Th2) across a population would lead to the expectation of a greater risk of atopic disease and some forms of autoimmunity. Additionally, resistance to some infectious diseases could be reduced where reduced Thl and macrophage functional capacities occur. 

Knowles, S.O. and Donaldson, W.E., Lead disrupts eicosanoid metabolism, macrophage function, and disease resistance in birds, Biol. Trace Element Res. 60, 13, 1997. 

Effects of TCDD on macrophages have also been examined. When assessed ex vivo, macrophage functions such as tumor cell lysis, phagocytosis and oxidative burst were not suppressed by exposure to TCDD.9396 101 In other experimental systems, exposure to TCDD increases IL-1 and TNF production by macrophages.99 102 103 However, the ability of TCDD to alter IL-1 and TNF production is likely organ- or stimulus-specific, because in the context of respiratory viral infection, exposure to TCDD had no effect on IL-1 or TNF-a levels.80... 

Respiratory allergies and infections are the most common form of illness in the United States and Europe and account for more missed school and work days than any other disease [1], A substantial body of experimental work has clearly shown that airborne toxicants such as tobacco smoke, ozone, and other air pollutants can alter many aspects of the host defense network to either decrease resistance to infection, or exacerbate respiratory allergies and asthma [2], Exposure to air toxicants can suppress a number of key host defenses including mucociliary clearance in the airways, pulmonary macrophage function, and development of specific immune responses such as IgG antibody production and cell mediated immunity. In contrast, immune stimulation in the form of increased T cell activity and IgE antibody formation has also has been shown to occur under some circumstances, resulting in increased incidence or severity of allergic lung disease. 

Gardner, D.E., Alterations in macrophage functions by environmental chemicals, Environ. Health. Perspect. 55, 343, 1984. 

Chelvarajan, R.L., et al. Defective macrophage function in neonates and its impact on unresponsiveness of neonates to polysaccharide antigens, J. Leukoc. Biol., 75, 982, 2004. 

Rodgers, K. and Xiong, S., Effect of administration of malathion for 90 days n macrophage function and mast cell degranulation, Toxicol. Lett., 93, 73, 1997. 

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