Reducing carbohydrate

The carbonyl group of carbohydrates can be reduced to an alcohol function Typi cal procedures include catalytic hydrogenation and sodium borohydnde reduction Lithium aluminum hydride is not suitable because it is not compatible with the solvents (water alcohols) that are required to dissolve carbohydrates The products of carbohydrate reduc tion are called alditols Because these alditols lack a carbonyl group they are of course incapable of forming cyclic hemiacetals and exist exclusively m noncyclic forms... 

The chemical or biological basis of an analytical method may not permit a simple, direct relationship between the reading and the concentration of the analyte and failure to appreciate the limitations and constraints of a method can lead to significant systematic error. Carbohydrates may be quantified, for instance, using a method based on their reducing properties but results will tend to be higher than they should be if non-carbohydrate reducing substances are also present in the samples. 

In addition to the lack of specificity of such reduction methods already mentioned, non-carbohydrate reducing substances present in the sample will... 

Chemical analysis of haze materials isolated from a beverage must be interpreted with caution because composition is often not well-related to cause. For example, beer hazes typically contain a high proportion of carbohydrate, with a modest amount of protein, and little polyphenol (Belleau and Dadic, 1981 Siebert et al., 1981). In order to prevent or delay haze formation, however, it is not necessary or helpful to remove carbohydrate. Reducing the amount of either protein or polyphenol typically has that effect. As a result, it appears that the large amount of carbohydrate found in the haze was coagulated with or adhered in some way to the protein-polyphenol haze backbone. 

Effects Stimulant and economizer of muscular and nervous energies. Aids combustion of fats and carbohydrates, reduces combustion of nitrogen and phosphorus in the body. 

A calorie intake of 1,800-2,500 kcal/day (ca. 30 kcal/ kg BW/day) is guaranteed by the adequate administration of fats (70-140 g) and carbohydrates (280-325 g). Consideration should be given to the fact that cirrhotic patients show a resistance to insulin and a glucose intolerance, with a tendency to develop a diabetic metabolic condition. For this reason, it might well be necessary to administer insulin. Carbohydrates reduce the plasma levels of ammonia and free tryptophan. 

Most important in the classification of sulfur bacteria is the distinction between phototrophic and chemotrophic sulfur bacteria. Phototrophic (purple or green) bacteria use light as energy source to reduce CO2 to carbohydrates. Reduced sulfur compounds are used as an electron donor for this reduction, which takes place under anaerobic conditions. The oxidation reactions of sulfide to sulfur and sulfate by phototrophic bacteria are called the Van Niel reactions ... 

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors delay the digestion of ingested carbohydrates, reducing postprandial blood glucose concentrations. 

A carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid. In this reaction, the carbohydrate reduces the oxidizing agent. 

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