Families angiosperms

Aquaporins are central players in mammalian physiology, but are also important in microorganisms and plants. The number of AQPs in plants is quite high angiosperms species, for example, express approximately 35 different AQPs divided into four families on the basis of their sequence. Moreover, plant AQPs might be considered multifunctional channels for their different transport properties. 

Iridoids and their related alkaloids are widely spread in angiosperms and are found in 13 orders and 70 families including Rutales, Buxales, Hamamelidales, Comales, Loasales, Gentianales, etc. Important iridoids are loganin, found in high amounts in Strychnos nux-vomica and in Catharanthus roseus, and secologanin found especially in Caprifoliaceae. 

Effects of Sesquiterpene Lactones on Seed Germination. Sesquiterpene lactones are common constituents of the Asteraceae but are also found in other angiosperm families and in certain liverworts (31,32). These highly bitter substances exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities (J 3) which include cytotoxicity, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, insecticidal (34) and molluscicidal (35) properties. Furthermore, they are known causes for livestock poisoning and contact dermatitis in humans (33). Structure-activity relationship studies on sesquiterpene lactones have demonstrated that biological activity frequently depend on the presence of the cr... 

One of the hypotheses regarding evolutionary aspects of flavonoid diversification concerns the concept of flavonol accumulation in basal Angiosperms versus flavone accumulation in advanced families. Recently, some further efforts have been made towards defining the flavone/flavonols ratio in Dicotyledonae and their relation to lignification, indicating an increased tendency towards flavonol accumulation in lignified plants, whereas herbaceous species tend to accumulate more of the flavones. From the presented entries, it appears that flavone derivatives are more abundant in Lamiaceae than flavonols. In the Asteraceae, however, more data concern the flavonols. Both families are more or less herbaceous and members of the more advanced Angiosperms. 

The terpenoids may also be used for the identification of the various taxa [9]. They were initially used extensively as taxonomic markers of gymnosperms, mainly due to their abundance in the leaves of conifers. In contrast, the terpenoids of angiosperms have been poorly researched, possibly due to their irregular distribution in such families e.g. in a survey of 34 species of Plectranthus (Labiatae) [10], 18 were found to have excellent oil profiles, with up to 32 components, but the remainder of the species failed to give any leaf volatiles. Compared with other secondary... 

The Angiosperm Phytogeny Group (AGP) (1998) An Ordinal Classification for the Families of Flowering Plants. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 85 531... 

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (AGP II) (2003) An Update of the Angiosperm Phytogeny Group Classification of Orders and Families of Flowering Plants. Bot J Linn Soc 141 299... 

Figure 2.21 Structures of betanldln and a typical anthocyanidin, cyanidin, accumulating as various glycosylated structures and their acylated forms. Both compounds exhibit similar max values. Occurrence of these two classes of pigments mutually excludes each other. The betalains are exclusively found in most families of the plant order Caryophyllales, whereas the anthocyanins are ubiquitously distributed in the other families of the Angiosperms.

Cardiac glycosides are secondary plant metabolites scattered in several unrelated angiosperm families, e.g. Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,... 

Saponins maybe classified into two groups, the triterpenoid saponins, which will not be considered here (for reviews, see Mahato et al, 1992 Conolly et al, 2008 Abe, 2007 Vincken et al, 2007 Liang and Zhao, 2008), and the steroid saponins. Steroid alkaloids behave like saponins but are sometimes treated as alkaloids, although these compounds are formed from intermediates of the steroid saponin pathway. Steroid saponins constitute a vast group of plant-borne glycosides present almost exclusively in the monocotyledonous angiosperms and occurring in only a few dicotyledonous families, such as the... 

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