Plant Pest Act

Under the Federal Plant Pest Act the definition of a regulated article is the definition of the scope of the regulatory process. In the March 31,1993 notice a regulated article was defined as ... 

Organisms used for pest control such as insect predators, nematodes, and macroscopic parasites do not fall within the scope of these guidelines as they are not considered biorationals and are exempt from FIFRA requirements. These organisms are subject to regulation by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the USDA (APHIS) under the Plant Pest Act. 

Strychnine is a complex lipophilic alkaloid from the plant Strychnos mx-vomica, which acts as a neurotoxin. It has been used to control vertebrate pests, including moles. The acute oral LDjq to the rat is 2 mg/kg. 

Allelopathic compounds act as repellents for herbivorous pests, so the same strategy used in weed control could be effective against pests and pathogens. Only allelopathy is not possible to use the complete control of weeds, pests or diseases it is necessary to combine it with other methods of plant protection. 

Molds and other plant diseases are controlled by fungicides, which act to affect the growth or metabolism of fungal pests. Many different fungicides exist, including sulfur, aryl- and alkyl-mercurial compounds, Aw-dithiocarbamates, and chlorinated phenols. 

Throughout history, mankind has always been interested in naturally occurring compounds from prebiotic, microbial, plants and animals sources. Various extracts of flowers, plants and insects have been used for isolating compounds whose task, color and odor could be used for various purposes. Many natural products, such as plant hormones, have a regulatory role, while others function as chemical defense against pests. The role of certain compounds is to act as chemical messengers, such as sex-attractants (pheromones) in insects, terrestrial and marine animals and humans. What is the origin of natural products ... 

Pesticide. . any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds or any other form of life declared to be pests.. . . and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant or desiccant." Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA - 1947) DDT... 

These early findings, together with the ability to act as plant resistance factors towards pests, led to a cascade of some hundred papers dealing in an interdisciplinary manner with all aspects of benzoxazinoids. This name seems to be more correct than the name cyclic hydroxamic acids, which has often been used to name this class of compounds. However, it is not exact from the structural point of view, because it omits the fact that also a variety of acetal glucosides with lactam units was found in plants. They also may be split enzymatically to form lactam aglucones, but cannot undergo chemical decay into benzoxazolin-2(3H)-ones. Benzoxazinoids occur in Acanthaceae, Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae,... 

The sunflower budworm or bud moth (Suleima helianthana Riley), considered a minor pest of the sunflower in which damage is sporadic, also feeds on the Jerusalem artichoke (Pedraza-Martinez, 1990 Rogers, 1979). In North America, the insect is found from Maryland to California and south to Mexico. Damage is caused by larval feeding, typically on the apical bud or axils of upper leaves, producing distorted, misshapen plants. Young larvae act as leaf miners or enter a leaf rib, while older larvae enter and feed on buds, leaf axils, stems, and bracts. 

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