Animal models of depression

Willner, P (1984) The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology 83 1-16. 

Leonard BE (1985). Animal models of depression and the detection of antidepressants. In SD Iversen (ed.), Psychopharmacology Recent Advances and Future Prospects (pp. 33—43). Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 

Compound SR 95191 (42, CAS 94011-82-2) is another aminopyridazine-derived antidepressant agent structurally closely related to minaprine, which has been investigated in France quite recently [ 160-162], This compound has been shown to be active in most animal models of depression with an activity profile resembling that of a selective type A MAO inhibitor [ 160], Recently, it has been found that this inhibition is selective, reversible and competitive in vivo in vitro, however, SR 95191 behaves like an irreversible MAO-A inhibitor [162],... 

Recent in vitro hybridization studies in the rat have demonstrated that t)rpical antidepressants increase the density of glucocorticoid receptors. Such an effect could increase the negative feedback mechanism and thereby reduce the s)mthesis and release of cortisol. In support of this hypothesis, there is preliminary clinical evidence that metyrapone (and the steroid s)mthesis inhibitor ketoconazole) may have antidepressant effects. Recently several lipophilic antagonists of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRT) type 1 receptor, which appears to be hyperactive in the brain of depressed patients, have been shown to be active in animal models of depression. Clearly this is a potentially important area for antidepressant development. 

Whishaw IQ, Metz GA, Kolb B, Pellis SM (2001) Accelerated nervons system development contributes to behavioral efficiency in the laboratory mouse a behavioral review and theoretical proposal. Dev Psychobiol 39 151-170 Willner P (1984) The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology (fieri)... 

Ahmed FP, McLaughlin DP, Stanford SC, Stamford JA (2002) Maudsley reactive and non-reactive (MNRA) rats display hehavioral contrasts on exposure to an open field, the elevated plus maze or the dark-light shuttle hox. Abstract, FENS, Paris, France Ammassari-Teule A, Milhaud JM, Passino E, Restivo L, LassaUe JM (1999) Defective processing of contextual information may he involved in the poor performance of DBA/2 mice in spatial tasks. Behav Genet 29 283-289 Anisman H, Zalcman S, Shanks N, Zacharko RM (1991) Multisystem regulation of performance deficits induced hy stressors an animal model of depression. In Boulton AA, Baker GB, Martin-lverson MT (eds) Animal models in psychiatry, vol 2. Humana Press, Clifton, pp 1-59... 

Olivier B, Pattij T, Wood SJ, Oosting R, Sarnyai Z, Toth M (2001) The 5-HTlA receptor knockout mouse and anxiety. Behav Pharmacol 12 439-450 Overmier JB, Seligman MEP (1967) Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63 28-33 Overstreet DH (1993) The Flinders sensitive line rats a genetic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17 51-68... 

Overstreet DH, Russel RW, Helps SC, Messenger M (1979) Selective breeding for sensitivity to the anticholinesterase, DFP. Psychopharmacology (fieri) 65 15-20 Overstreet DH, Rezvani AH, Janowsky DS (1992) Mandsley reactive and nonreactive rats differ only in some tasks reflecting emotionality. Physiol Behav 52 149-152 Overstreet DH, PncUowski O, Rezvani AH, Janowsky DS (1995) Administration of antidepressants, diazepam and psychomotor stimulants further confirms the utility of Flinders sensitive line rats as an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 121 27-37... 

West PA (1990) Neimobehavioral studies of forced swimming. The role of learning and memory in the forced swim test ProgNeimopsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14 863-875 WUlner P (1997) Validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress model of depression a 10-year review and evaluation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 134 319-329 WUlner P, Muscat R, Papp M (1992) Chronic mUd stress-induced anhedonia a realistic animal model of depression. Neimosci Biobehav Rev 16 525-534 WUson JH (2000) A conspecific attenuates prolactin responses to open-field exposure in rats. Horm Behav 38 39-43... 

In humans, the antidepressant activity of NMDA receptor antagonists has not been evaluated extensively (Skohiick 1999). In animal models of depression, NMDA receptor antagonists have been reported to exert positive effects in most studies (Trullas 1997). This concerns mainly the forced swim test (Maj 1992 Moryl et al. 1993 PrzegaUnski et al. 1997) and stress-induced anhe-donia (Papp and Moryl 1994). Amantadine but not memantine was effective against reserpine-induced hypothermia (Moryl et al. 1993). In the forced swim test, both amino-adamantanes produced specific antidepressive-like activity (Moryl et al. 1993). 

Papp M, Moryl E (1996) Antidepressant-like effects of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylicacid and D-cycloserine in an animal model of depression. Em J Pharmacol 316 145-151 Park KM, Max MB, Robinovitz E, et al (1995) Effects of intravenons ketamine, alfentanil, or placebo on pain, pinprick hyperalgesia, and allodyniaprodncedbyintradermal capsaicin in human subjects. Pain 63 163-172... 

Arima H, Aguilera G (2000) Vasopressin and oxytocin neurones of hypothalamic surpaop-tic and paraventriciflar nuclei co-express mRNA for type-1 and type-2 corticotropinreleasing hormones receptors. J Neuroendocrinol 12 833-842 Arletti R, Bertolini A (1987) Oxytocin acts as an antidepressant in two animal models of depression. Life Sci 41 1725-1730... 

We propose that the therapeutic efficacy of ECT may be related to activation of specific brain areas and the whole brain need not convulse for an antidepressant effect. It is possible that neural discharge in specific brain regions [Bolwig 1984], and not the convulsion, is the key factor for ECT s antide-pressive effects. External electrical stimulation as used for ECT may depolarize deep brain regions only by induction of convulsion. Local electrical brain stimulation in humans is not possible, of course ECT initiates massive discharge in the central nervous system [Lerer et al. 1984], and activation of no specific brain area has been proven to be the cause for ECT s therapeutic action. Local electrical stimulation of various brain regions for examination of antidepressive effect in animal models of depression would be a tedious and complicated task. 

D Aquila PS, Collu M, Pani L, et al Antidepressant-hke effect of selective dopamine Dj receptor agonists in the behavioural despair animal model of depression. Eur J Pharmacol 262 107-111, 1994... 

Muscat R, Towell A, Willner P Changes in dopamine autoreceptor sensitivity in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology 94 545-550, 1988 Muscat R, Papp M, Willner P Antidepressant-hke effects of dopamine agonists in an animal model of depression. Biol Psychiatry 31 937-946, 1992... 

Sampson D, Willner P, Muscat R Reversal of antidepressant action by dopamine antagonists in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology 104 491-495, 1991... 

Overstreet. D.H.. Pucilowski. O., Rezvani. A.H.. Janowsky. D.S. Administration of antidepressants, diazepam and psychomotor stimulants further confirms the utility-of Flinders Sensitive Line rats as an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology 121, 27-37, 1995. 

Solberg, L.C., Losee Olson, S., Turek, F.W., Redei. E Altered hormone levels and circadian rhythm of activity in the WKY rat, a putative animal model of depression. Am. J. Physiol. Regtd. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 281, R786-R794, 2001. 

Muscat R, Papp M, Willner P. Antidepressant-like effects of dopamine agonists in an animal model of depression. Bid Psychiatry 1992 31 937-946. 

Extensive studies on bupropion, including animal models of depression, have demonstrated that the desired inhibition of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake resides mainly with radafaxine (that is the (S,S)-enantiomer, 2a). Furthermore, these studies confirmed that the (R,R) -enantiomer, 2b, is associated with a number of the known related undesirable side effects. Hence, development of radafaxine hydrochloride was undertaken for the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as a stand-alone New Chemical Entity (NCE). Furthermore, owing to the undesirable side effects associated with the (R,R)-enantiomer 2b, levels of this compound were to be controlled to <0.5% to minimize these effects. 

Bonilla-Jaime H, Retana-Marquez S, Velazquez-Moctezuma J. Pharmacological features of masculine sexual behavior in an animal model of depression. Pharm Biochem Behav 1998 60 39 -5. 

Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Diaz Ruiz O. Neonatal treatment with clomipramine increased immobility in the forced swim test an attribute of animal models of depression. Pharm Biochem Behav 1992 42 737-739. 

Frazer, A. and Morilak, D. A. (2005) What should animal models of depression model Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 515-523. 

I., Lesch, K. P., et al. (2008) Animal models of depression in dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine transporter knockout mice prominent effects of dopamine transporter deletions. Behav Pharmacol 19, 566-574. Luo, D. D., An, S. C. and Xhang, X. (2008) Involvement of hippocampal serotonin and neuropeptide Y in depression induced by chronic unpredicted mild stress. Brain Res Bull 77, 8-12. 

Edwards E, Harkins K, Wright G, Henn FA (1991) 5-HTiB receptors in an animal model of depression. Neuropharmacology 30 101-5... 

Hilakivi LA, Hilakivi I. Increased adult behavioral despair in rats neonatally exposed to desipramine or zimeldine an animal model of depression Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1987 28(3) 367-369. 

Endogenous opioids and exogenously administered delta opioid receptor agonists have been demonstrated to have antidepressant-like effects in animal models used to evaluate novel antidepressant compounds. This chapter reviews some of the previous research investigating the role of the opioid system, and more specifically the delta opioid receptor system, in clinical depression and in animal models used to study human depression and antidepressant treatments. In addition, this chapter discusses the interpretation of animal models of depression and their uses in the evaluation of new potential therapeutics. 

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