Avoidance learning

Le Novere N, Zoli M, Changeux JP. Neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 6 subunit mRNA is selectively concentrated in catecholaminergic nuclei of the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 1996 8(ll) 2428-2439. Picciotto MR et al. Abnormal avoidance learning in mice lacking functional high-affinity nicotine receptor in the brain. Nature 1995 374(6517) 65-67. 

Strickler-Shaw, S. and D.H. Taylor. 1990. Sublethal exposure to lead inhibits acquisition and retention of discriminate avoidance learning in green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 47-52. 

Stoll S, Scheuer K, Pohl 0, Muller WE. (1996). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) independently improves changes in passive avoidance learning and brain membrane fluidity in the aging mouse. Pharmacopsychiatry. 29(4) 144-49. 

Xu Z, Seidler FJ, et al (2002) Adolescent nicotine administration alters serotonin receptors and cell signaling mediated through adenylyl cyclase. Brain Res 951(2) 280-292 Xu Z, Seidler FJ, et al (2003) Sex-selective hippocampal alterations after adolescent nicotine administration effects on neurospeciflc proteins. Nicotine Tob Res 5(6) 955-960 YUmaz O, Kanit L, et al (1997) Effects of nicotine on active avoidance learning in rats sex differences, Behav Pharmacol 8(2-3) 253-260... 

Acetylcholinesterase, 308-309 Acid, 462, 463,471-474, 477 Action-outcome relationship, 304 Active avoidance learning, 279 Addiction, 209-229 Additives, 459, 465, 469,472, 473 Adolescent, 424 25... 

Howard, R. R. (1971). Avoidance learning of spotted salamanders by domestic chickens. 

Olivier B, Pattij T, Wood SJ, Oosting R, Sarnyai Z, Toth M (2001) The 5-HTlA receptor knockout mouse and anxiety. Behav Pharmacol 12 439-450 Overmier JB, Seligman MEP (1967) Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 63 28-33 Overstreet DH (1993) The Flinders sensitive line rats a genetic animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 17 51-68... 

Broekkamp GL, Garrigon D, Lloyd KG Serotonin mimetic and antidepressant drugs on passive avoidance learning by olfactory bulbectomized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 13 643-646, 1980... 

J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28 856-860, 1989 Ogren S-O Forebrain serotonin and avoidance learning behavioural and biochemical studies on the acute effect of p-chloroamphetamine on one-way active avoidance learning in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 16 881-895, 1982 Ogren S-O Central serotonin neurons in avoidance learning interactions with noradrenaline and dopamine neurons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23 107-124, 1985... 

Ogren S-O Analysis of the avoidance learning deficit induced by the serotonin releasing compound p-chloroamphetamine. Brain Res Bull 16 645-660, 1986... 

Ogren S-O, Johansson C Separation of the associative and non-associative effects of brain serotonin released by p-chloramphetamine dissociable serotonergic involvement in avoidance learning, pain and motor function. Psychopharmacology 86 12-26, 1985... 

Quartermain D, Clement J, Schemer A 5-HT, agonists disrupt memory of fear conditioning in mice. Biol Psychiatry 33 247-254, 1993 Quartermain D, Clement J, Schemer A The 5-HT, agonist tandospirone disrupts retention but not acquisition of active avoidance learning. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48 805-807, 1994... 

Overmier JB, Seligman MEP. Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1967 63 23-33. 

Administration of scopolamine to rats induces amnesia in passive avoidance learning. EGb administered intraperitoneally 30 mm before the initial trial at doses of 150-500 mg/kg significantly attenuated the amnesic effects of scopolamine on step-through latencies in a retention trial 4 hours after training for the passive avoidance test in rats [107]. Hoyer et d. showed that, using an animal model of in tracer ebroventricular streptozotocin treatment, EGb treatment compensated for deterioration in working memory, reference memory and passive... 

The Ninth Circuit ruled that Raytheon s blanket policy did not shield it from the obligation not to discriminate against former drug abusers. The company was obligated to take Hernandez s protected status (as disabled) into account and could not deliberately avoid learning about that status. The court ruled that the case should go to trial to determine whether Hernandez had been discriminated against. Raytheon appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. 

Gibbs ME, Andrew RJ, Ng KT. 2003. Hemispheric lateralization of memory stages for discriminated avoidance learning in the chick. Behav Brain Res 139 157-165. 

Akita H, Matsuyama T, Iso H, Sugita M, Yoshida S. Effects of oxidative stress on the expression of limbic-specific protease neuropsin and avoidance learning in mice. Brain Res 1997 769 86-96. 

Mice treated with phenobarbital (40 mg/kg) on the last 6-7 days before birth showed decreased passive avoidance latencies in the test session at the age of 90 days (ref. 138). Delta-9-THC treatment during pregnancy caused a decreased rate of learning a passive avoidance response on postnatal day 21. However, on day 90 no difference in passive avoidance learning was found (ref. 156). 

Riley et al. (ref. 157) have shown that 10 and 15 day-old offspring of rats treated on gestational days 6-20 with ethanol ingest less of a saccharin solution paired previously with LiCl than controls, although they show a clear taste aversion. They interpret this result as additional evidence for a deficient passive avoidance learning. A decreased passive avoidance performance using the more traditional shock punishment has also been shovn in rats prenatally treated with ethanol. However, pre-exposure to unpleasant... 

Smith JW, Fetsko LA, Xu R, Wang Y (2002) Dopamine D2L receptor knockout mice display deficits in positive and negative reinforcing properties of morphine and in avoidance learning. Neuroscience 773(4) 755-765. 

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