Depression model

Vogel G, Hartley P, Neill D, Hagler M, Kors D. Animal depression model by neonatal clomipramine reduction of shock induced aggression. Pharm Biochem Behav 1988 31 103-106. 

Frazer, A. and Morilak, D. A. (2005) What should animal models of depression model Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29, 515-523. 

Zhao, Z., Wang, W., Guo, H. and Zhou, D. (2008) Antidepressant-like effect of liquiritin from Glycyrrhiza uralensis in chronic variable stress induced depression model rats. Behav Brain Res 194, 108-113. 

The mouse respiratory depression model of Alarie, which is described in more detail in the section on physiological assessment, provides a lung function-based... 

Baker, S.J., Chrzan, G.J., Park, C.N., and Saunders, J.H. 1985. Validation of human behavioral tests using ethanol as a CNS depressant Model. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 7 257. 

Click on bond to select it for rotation Press Alt key (PC) or space bar (Mac) and move mouse with button depressed (left button on PC) One part of the model rotates about the selected bond relative to other part... 

If the antagonism is insurmountable, then there are a number of molecular mechanisms possible. The next question to ask is if the maximal response to the agonist can be completely depressed to basal levels. If this is not the case, then there could be partial allosteric alteration of the signaling properties of the receptor. Alternatively, this could be due to a hemi-equilibrium condition that produces a partial shortfall to true competitive equilibrium, leading to incomplete depression of the maximal response but also antagonist concentration-related dextral displacement of the concentration response curve to the agonist (see Figure 10.19a). The model (see Section 10.6.5) used to fit these data is discussed in Section 6.5 and shown in... 

Figure 10.20. A partial alteration in the efficacy of the agonist results in a different steady state whereby the curve is partially depressed but no further dextral displacement is observed (Figure 10.19b and Figure 10.21, see Section 10.6.6). While the models used to describe allosteric alteration of both affinity and efficacy of receptors are complex and require a number of parameters, the identification of such effects (namely, incomplete antagonism of agonist response) is experimentally quite clear and straightforward.

Antidepressant Drugs. Figure 1 Effects of stress as a model for depression and the reversal by the use of antidepressants. Multiple intracellular targets might be involved in the regulation of plasticity and resilience by antidepressants, which block extracellular transporters. Adapted from [1],... 

They act as analgesics by inhibiting release of nociceptive neurotransmitters from primary afferent terminals as well as by depressing post-synaptic potentials on second order neurons. Opioid receptors are also present on some nociceptors and their expression and peripheral transport is increased upon peripheral inflammation. Peripheral opioid analgesia has been established in animal models. Although clinical studies have yielded mixed results so far, this field holds great promise. Despite side effects, such as euphoria, dysphoria, sedation, respiratory depression and obstipation and tolerance and dependence phenomena which arise upon... 

The neural mechanisms underlying the placebo effect are only partially understood and most of our knowledge comes from pain, although recently Parkinson s disease, immune and endocrine responses, and depression have emerged as interesting models (Fig. 1). In each of these... 

TK NK2r antagonists showed interesting activities in preclinical models of depression, anxiety, asthma, gastrointestinal dysmotility and hypersensitivity, and urinary incontinence [1,3]. In clinical, NK2r antagonists antagonize NKA-induced bronchoconstriction and NKA-induced intestinal dysmotility. However, a pilot trial in asthma failed to show any clinical benefit by... 

Relcovaptan (SR-49059) is a selective, orally active V1aR antagonist that prevents pain of primary dysmenorrhea and inhibits preterm labour and could be useful in the treatment of Raynaud s phenomenon. The selective ViBR antagonist SSR149415 showed beneficial effects in the treatment of depression and anxiety in several animal models. 

A very recent application of the two-dimensional model has been to the crystallization of a random copolymer [171]. The units trying to attach to the growth face are either crystallizable A s or non-crystallizable B s with a Poisson probability based on the comonomer concentration in the melt. This means that the on rate becomes thickness dependent with the effect of a depletion of crystallizable material with increasing thickness. This leads to a maximum lamellar thickness and further to a melting point depression much larger than that obtained by the Flory [172] equilibrium treatment. 

As a consequence, the overall penetrant uptake cannot be used to get direct informations on the degree of plasticization, due to the multiplicity of the polymer-diluent interactions. The same amount of sorbed water may differently depress the glass transition temperature of systems having different thermal expansion coefficients, hydrogen bond capacity or characterized by a nodular structure that can be easily crazed in presence of sorbed water. The sorption modes, the models used to describe them and the mechanisms of plasticization are presented in the following discussion. 

---