And viscosity index

The major use of vinylpyrrohdinone is as a monomer in manufacture of poly(vinylpyrrohdinone) (PVP) homopolymer and in various copolymers, where it frequendy imparts hydrophilic properties. When PVP was first produced, its principal use was as a blood plasma substitute and extender, a use no longer sanctioned. These polymers are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic appHcations, soft contact lenses, and viscosity index improvers. The monomer serves as a component in radiation-cured polymer compositions, serving as a reactive diluent that reduces viscosity and increases cross-linking rates (see... 

Lubricants. Petroleum lubricants continue to be the mainstay for automotive, industrial, and process lubricants. Synthetic oils are used extensively in industry and for jet engines they, of course, are made from hydrocarbons. Since the viscosity index (a measure of the viscosity behavior of a lubricant with change in temperature) of lube oil fractions from different cmdes may vary from +140 to as low as —300, additional refining steps are needed. To improve the viscosity index (VI), lube oil fractions are subjected to solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing, solvent deasphalting, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, automotive lube oils typically contain about 12—14% additives. These additives maybe oxidation inhibitors to prevent formation of gum and varnish, corrosion inhibitors, or detergent dispersants, and viscosity index improvers. The United States consumption of lubricants is shown in Table 7. 

This technology has been utilized by BP Chemicals for the production of lubricating oils with well defined characteristics (for example, pour point and viscosity index). It is used in conjunction with a mixture of olefins (i.e., different isomers and different chain length olefins) to produce lubricating oils of higher viscosity than obtainable by conventional catalysis [33]. Unichema Chemie BV have applied these principals to more complex monomers, using them with unsaturated fatty acids to create a mixture of products [34]. 

Functionalized copolymers from dienes and p-alkylstyrenes can serve as dispersants and viscosity index improvers. The functionalities are introduced via the aromatic units [233,234]. The polymers are selectively hydrogenated to produce polymers that have highly controlled amounts of unsaturation, permitting a highly selective functionalization. The dispersant substances may also include a carrier fluid to provide concentrates of the dispersant. 

Macrocyclic (bicyclic and polycyclic) polyamine dispersants and viscosity index (VI) improvers... 

Di- and triblock polymers have been prepared by nitric oxide mediated polymerization using t-butyl l-diethylphosphono-2,2-dimethylpropyl nitroxide. Materials prepared from this process are useful as paint thickeners and viscosity index improvers in paint. 

Polycarbamates, (III), prepared by Martin [5] consisting of toluene diisocyanate, methoxypolyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and dihydroxymethyl propanoic acid were also effective as paint thickeners and viscosity index modifiers. 

Improving viscosity and viscosity index Oiliness, extreme pressure, film strength Anticorrosion agents Antioxidants Detergents... 

Use Additives for cosmetic creams, polymerization regulators for elastomers and plastics, detergents and viscosity-index improvers for lubricating oils, finishing and softening agents for textiles, preparation of quaternary ammonium compounds, surfactants, water evaporation control, and antifoam. 

Use As cross-linking agents in epoxy coatings, imparting high flexibility and adhesion at low temperatures. Other possible uses are in polyamide and polyurethane coatings, adhesives, elastomers and foams, as intermediates for textile and paper treatment, and viscosity-index improvers in lubricating oils. 

The use of phosphate esters arises mostly from their excellent fire resistance and superior lubricity but is limited by their hydrolytic and thermal stability, low-temperature properties and viscosity index. 

Viscosity and viscosity index. The viscosity should be such as to prevent excessive loss and sufficiently high to withstand squeezing out within operating and test temperature ranges. 

Detailed directions for computing the viscosity index are published by the American Society for Testing and Materials [26]. For oils of viscosity not greater than 70 cs at 100 C and viscosity index not over 100 there is a table of values for L and H. For oils of viscosity greater than 70 cs at 100 C and for oils of viscosity index above 100, special computational formulas have been developed. These tables and formulas were adopted by ASTM in 1977. Prior to that the two fixed temperatures for the viscosity index were 100 and 210 F. Examination of Eqn 4-36 reveals that the value of the viscosity index does not depend on the units in which the viscosities are reported, since the factor for conversion to centistokes occurs in both the numerator and the denominator of the formula. The temperature interval and the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the series of reference oils are the two principal basic influences on the general nature of the viscosity index. 

Propylene as feed gives Ce-Cjo, 86 C6-C12 after hydrogenation was used as gasoline (2) C3H6 and C2H4 as feed give lube oil product with viscosity 46.03 cSt at at 100°C, 703.25 cSt at 40 °C and viscosity index (VI) 112... 

The role of VII or VMs in industrial lubricants is a complex one. While they are known to alter both the viscosity and viscosity index of Inbricant base stocks at low shear, their contribntion nnder the high pressure and shear rate is more difficult to assess (Wardle et al., 1990). 

MACKAMIDE C is an excellent foam stabilizer and viscosity index Improver for use in bubble baths, shampoos, shower gels and liquid hand dishwashes. Being nonionic, it can be used with other nonionics, anionics or even cationics. It is an excellent detergent for use as an emulsifier, dispersant and wetting agent. 

The transparency of polyethylene film can be improved by shear degrading the very high molecular weight microgel molecules [31]. The progressive decrease in drag reduction and Viscosity Index (VI) improver capability with degradation is discussed in Volume 2, Chapter VIIB. 

Principal styrenic TPE markets are molded shoe soles and other footwear extruded flhn/sheet and wire/cable covering pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) and hot-melt adhesives and viscosity index (VI) improver additives in lube oils, resin modifiers, and asphalt modifiers. They are also popular as grips (bike handles), kitchen utensils, clear medical products, and personal care productsAdhesives and sealants are the largest single market. Styrenic TPEs are useful in adhesive compositions in web coatings. ... 

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