Analysis of lipopolysaccharides

G. Weise, G. Drews, B. Jann and K. Jann, Identification and analysis of lipopolysaccharide in cell walls of the blue-green algae Anacystis ni-dulans, Arch. Microbiol., 71 (1970) 89-98. 

Abstract Lipopolysaccharides are the major components on the surface of most Gram-negative bacteria, and recognized by immune cells as a pathogen-associated molecule. They can cause severe diseases like sepsis and therefore known as endotoxins. Lipopolysaccharide consists of lipid A, core oligosaccharide and O-antigen repeats. Lipid A is responsible for the major bioactivity of endotoxin. Because of their specific structure and amphipathic property, purification and analysis of lipopolysaccharides are difficult. In this chapter, we summarize the available approaches for extraction, purification and analysis of lipopolysaccharides. 

Kropinski, A.M., Kuzio, J., Angus, B.L., Hancock, R.E. Chemical and chromatographic analysis of lipopolysaccharide from an antibiotic-supersusceptible mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 21 (1982) 310-319. 

Rivera, M., Bryan, L.E., Hancock, R.E., McGroarty, E.J. Heterogeneity of hpopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysis of lipopolysaccharide chain length. J Bacteriol 170 (1988) 512-521. 

Sindhu, S.S., Brewin, N.J., Kannenberg, E.L. Immunochemical analysis of lipopolysaccharides from free-living and endosymbiotic forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum. J Bacteriol 172 (1990) 1804-1813. 

Waring JF, Liguori MJ, Luyendyk JP, Microarray analysis of lipopolysaccharide potentiation of trovafloxacin-induced liver injury in rats suggests a role for proin-flammatory chemokines and neutrophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006 316(3) 1080-7. 

Recent applications of HPAEC-PAD are many and varied. A representative list includes quantitation of polyglucose metabolites in plasma of dialysis patients,148 analysis of heat-treated milk,149 carbohydrate content in lipopolysaccharides,150 phosphorylated sugars in tissue samples,151 composition of soybean meal,152 carbohydrate composition of recombinant modified tissue plasminogen activator,153 analysis of cyclization products from an enzyme reaction,154 carbohydrate content of glycoconjugate vaccines,155 and monitoring of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.156... 

Das, H., Jayaraman, V., and Bhattacharya, J., Carbohydrate analysis of bradyrhizobial (NC 92) lipopolysaccharides by high-performance-anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, Biosci. Rep., 19, 219, 1999. 

Bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and cytokines (IL-2) are able to activate the contact system in vitro and in vivo (D9, H4, H7, M41). Immediately after severe trauma or after surgical intervention and particularly during sepsis, a reduction of plasma contact system proteins has been found (C10, K1, N9). Gel filtration studies of plasma demonstrated that plasma PK after activation becomes complexed with a2-M and Cl-Inh (W4). These complexes are rapidly eliminated from the circulation in vivo. In experimental studies in which pulmonary insufficiency was induced in dogs, a significant reduction of plasma kallikrein inhibitors was observed together with reduced HMK. Analysis of the relation be-... 

Li, J. Thibault, P. Martin, A. Richards, J. C. Wakarchuk, W. W. der Wilp, W. Development of an on-line preconcentration method for the analysis of pathogenic lipopolysaccharides using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray mass spectrometry—Application to small colony isolates. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 817, 325-336. 

Neurodegeneration, microglial activation BV-2 microglial cells Lipopolysaccharide, HIV protein TAT, dopamine quinone Gene ontology analysis of common pathway response [28]... 

Incubation periods in excess of 2 h were required before this activity was detected in cell-free supernatants. More recently, the use of cDNA probing of Northern transfers (to detect specific mRNA levels), the use of ELISA techniques (to detect protein levels immunologically) and the development of more specific bioassays (culture techniques in which a biomolecule stimulates proliferation in a particular cell line) have resulted in a more thorough analysis of IL-1 production by neutrophils. IL-1 is only poorly expressed in blood neutrophils because mRNA for this cytokine is detectable only at very low levels (if at all), and protein production is usually below the level of detection of most assays. However, exposure of neutrophils to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or to cytokines such as GM-CSF, TNF or IL-1 itself, results in a rapid but transient increase in IL-1 expression. 

Li J, Purves RW, Richards JC. 2004a. Coupling capillary electrophoresis and high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry for the analysis of complex lipopolysaccharides. Anal Chem 76 4676. 

Sakai H, Hisamoto S, Fukutomi I, et al. Detection of lipopolysaccharide in hemoglobin-vesicles by Limulus amebocyte lysate test with kinetic-turbidimetric gel clotting analysis and pretreatment of surfactant. J Pharm Sci 2004 93 310. 

The composition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of bacterial origin have been investigated in two studies. Both studies used 2 M methanolic hydrogen chloride for 16-24 hours at 85°. The method allows analysis of... 

Terminal 3,6-dideoxyhexoses that occur in lipopolysaccharides from Salmonella and Yersinia (Pasteurella) species7 could be hydrolyzed off with a high degree of selectivity. They may, therefore, be located by methylation analysis of the original lipopolysaccharide and of a partially hydrolyzed sample. Thus, for the Salmonella typhi-murium 395 MS lipopolysaccharide, composed18 of oligosaccharide... 

LOQ —limit of quantitation—the lowest and highest standard used in the analysis LPS—lipopolysaccharide LTB4—leukotriene B (4)... 

Gunn, J.S., Ryan, S.S., Van Velkinburgh, J.C., Ernst, R.K., Miller, S.I. Genetic and functional analysis of a PmrA-PmrB-regulated locus necessary for lipopolysaccharide modification, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and oral virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Infect Immun 68 (2000) 6139-6146. 

Muller-Loennies, S., Lindner, B., Brade, H. Structural analysis of deacylated lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli strains 2513 (R4 core-type) and F653 (R3 core-type). Eur J Biochem 269 (2002) 5982-5991. 

Roncero, C., Casadaban, M.J. Genetic analysis of the genes involved in synthesis of the lipopolysaccharide core in Escherichia coli K-12 three operons in the rfa locus. J Bacteriol 174 (1992) 3250-3260. 

Jann, B., Reske, K., Jann, K. Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur J Biochem 60 (1975) 239-246. 

Komuro, T., Galanos, C. Analysis of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides by sodium deoxycholate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr 450 (1988) 381-387. 

Hanuszkiewicz, A., Hiibner, G., Vinogradov, E., Lindner, B., Brade, L., Brade, H., Debarry, J., Heine, H., Holst, O. Structural and immunochemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Acinetobacter Iwoffii F78 located outside Chlamydiaceae with a Chlamydia-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope. Chem Eur J 14 (2008) 10251-10258. 

Lundstrom, S.L., Li, 1., Deadman, M.E., Hood, D.W., Moxon, E.R., Schweda, E.K. Structural analysis of the lipopolysaccharide from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae strain R2846. Biochemistry 47 (2008) 6025-6038. 

St. Michael, F., Li, J., Vinogradov, E., Larocque, S., Harper, M., Cox, A.D. Structural analysis of the lipooligosaccharide of Pasteurella multocida strain VP161 identification of both Kdo-P and Kdo-Kdo species in the lipopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 340 (2005b) 59-68. 

Moran, A.P., Zahringer, U., Seydel, U., Scholz, D., Stiitz, P., Rietschel, E.T. Structural analysis of the lipid A component of Campylobacter jejuni CCUG 10936 (serotype 0 2) lipopolysaccharide. Description of a lipid A containing a hybrid backbone of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose. Eur J Biochem 198 (1991b) 459-469. 

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