Bacterial origin

G. J. Perry, J. K. Volkman, and R. B. Johns, Fatty acids of bacterial origin in eontemporary marine sediments. Geochim. Co.smochim. Acta, 45 1715 (1979). 

Enterotoxin Toxins of bacterial origin that affect the intestines, causing diarrhea (e.g., toxins from Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus, Shigella, E. Coli, Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas). 

As the preceding sections show, the term lipid A does not denote a defined molecular entity but rather a family of structurally closely related but not identical phosphoglycolipids. Their structures may differ in the type and number (one or two) of HexpN residues present in the backbone by the number, location, nature, size, and linkage of acyl residues by the nature of phosphate substituents and finally by the degree of phosphorylation of the backbone. Lipid A components of different bacterial origin are classified in the present article on the basis of structural variations. 

It has long been known that peptides of bacterial origin, such as N-formylat-ed oligopeptides, are potent activators of neutrophils. Bacterial protein biosynthesis is initiated by the codon AUG, which codes for polypeptide chains at the NH2 terminus to start with N-formylmethionine. However, very few mature bacterial proteins actually have this amino acid at the NH2 terminus because Af-formylmethionine is cleaved off by proteolytic processing. Sometimes just this amino acid is cleaved, but often several adjacent residues are also removed with it. These observations formed the basis for the chemical synthesis of a variety of N-formylated oligopeptides and an assessment of their ability to activate neutrophils in vitro. The most potent of these formylated peptides is TV-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe). 

A group of enzymes which may be employed in the measurement of L amino acids are the L-amino acid decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1) of bacterial origin, many of which are substrate specific. They catalyse reactions of the type ... 

Figure 12.11 Phosphoglyceride structure. The members of this group are derivatives of the parent compound, l,2-diacyl-src-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid) in which X is a hydrogen atom. This is replaced by either an amino alcohol or a polyhydroxy residue. In phosphoglycerides derived from animal tissues R1 is usually a saturated acyl chain of between 16 and 20 carbon atoms and R2 is usually unsaturated. Polyunsaturated acyl chains containing 16 or 18 carbon atoms predominate in leaf phosphoglycerides and those of bacterial origin are often more complex.

The composition of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of bacterial origin have been investigated in two studies. Both studies used 2 M methanolic hydrogen chloride for 16-24 hours at 85°. The method allows analysis of... 

Cefuroxime is indicated to treat infections of bacterial origin such as urinary tract infections, otitis media and upper respiratory tract infections. Bacterial vaginosis is likely to be treated with metronidazole and clindamycin. 

The polyene antibiotics, amphotericin B and nystatin, are of bacterial origin. They insert themselves into fun-LiJIlmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. 

Amine build-up in fish muscle usually results from decarboxylation of amino acids in the muscle by enzymes of bacterial origin. This review will present information on the activity of bacterial decarboxylases and the formation of amines in fish. Mechanisms of decarboxylase action and production of bacterial decarboxylases in fish muscle are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon studies dealing with formation of histidine decarboxylase and histamine. Histamine, because of its involvement in Scombroid food poisoning, has been extensively studied with regard to its formation in fish and fishery products. 

The involvement of HA during bacterial conversion of nitrate to NH3 (known also as the nitrate ammonification phase of the nitrogen cycle) has been studied at the molecular level as part of an effort to delineate the mechanism of conversion of nitrite to NH3 by a group of multiheme cytochromes of bacterial origin. The overall reduction reaction is depicted in equation 3 for cytochrome c-nitrite reductase " ... 

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