Salmonella lipopolysaccharide

N. catarrhalis,560 N. perflava,559 Moraxella duplex and Micrococcus calco-aceticus,443 and Escherichia coli,420 Vicari and Kabat,45 in studies of blood-group oligosaccharides, and Hellerqvist and colleagues,53 in an examination of the common core-polysaccharide of Salmonella typhimurium, have used similar methods. The examination of amino sugars as their peracetylated aminodeoxyalditols has also been used by Liideritz and colleagues72 to establish the occurrence of 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose in Salmonella lipopolysaccharides, and has been extended to aminodeoxyheptoses by Williams and Perry.561... 

One of the most impressive findings has been the discovery of lipid intermediates in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides (see Refs. 2 and 465.) At least two structurally different types of these compounds exist the intermediate may be an isoprenoid alcohol ester of the glycosyl pyrophosphate or the analogous derivative of the glycosyl phosphate. Derivatives of the first type are formed by reaction between the sugar nucleotide and the alcohol phosphate, for example, undecaprenyl phosphate (120), which participates in the biosynthesis of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.466... 

The related Lossen reaction was used in studies on the core of a Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.105 Aldehyde groups formed on periodate oxidation were oxidized to carboxylic acid groups, these were esterified, the esters were treated with hydroxylamine, and the products finally subjected to the Lossen reaction by treatment with a water-soluble carbodiimide. 

Figure 1 represents the general structure of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. They contain an external polysaccharide, the O-antigenic chain, and an innermost component, termed lipid A. O-chain and lipid A are linked to each other by an oligosaccharide referred to as the core. O-Specific Chains. As indicated in Figure 1, O chains are in general made up of repeating units of di-, tri-, or higher oligosaccharides. In rare cases the O-chain is a homopolysaccharide. The structure of the O-chain is unique to each bacterial serotype great diversity is encountered in the structures of O-chains.

Hitchcock, P.J., Brown, T.M. Morphological heterogeneity among Salmonella lipopolysaccharide chemotypes in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Bacteriol 154 (1983) 269-277. 

Komuro, T., Galanos, C. Analysis of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides by sodium deoxycholate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Chromatogr 450 (1988) 381-387. 

Shnyra, A., Hultenby, K., Lindberg, A.A., Role of the physical state of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in expression of biological and endotoxic properties. Infect Immun 61 (1993) 5351-5360. 

Olsthoom, M.M., Petersen, O., Schlecht, S., Haverkamp, J., Bock, K., Thomas-Oates, J., Holst, O. Identification of a novel core type in Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 273(7) (1998) 3817-3829. 

Di Padova, F., Brade, H., Barclay, G.R., Poxton, I.R., Liehl, E., Schuetze, E., Kocher, H.P., Ramsay, G., Schreier, M.H., McClelland, D.B.L., Rietschel, E.T. A broadly cross-protective monoclonal antibody binding to Escherichia coli and Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Infect Immun 61 (1993) 3863-3872. 

Nnaule, N.A., Lind, S.M., Lindberg, A.A. The disaccharide L-alpha-D-heptosel 7-L-alpha-D-heptosel of the inner core domain of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide is accessible to antibody and is the epitope of a broadly reactive monoclonal antibody, J Immunol 149 (1992) 2722-2728. 

Johansson S, Bohman S, Radesater AC, Oberg C, Luthman J (2005) Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mediated neurodegeneration in hippocampal slice cultures. Neurotox Res 8 207—220. 

Tapping RI, Akashi S, Miyake K, Godowski PJ, Tobias PS. ToU-Bke receptor 4, but not toll-hke receptor 2, is a signaling receptor for Escherichia and Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. J Immunol 2000 165 5780-5787. 

---