Analysis Examples

If the immunoprecipitation vas performed against a chromatin binding factor vith an as yet unknown binding motif, enriched sequences can be used to retrieve the binding motif. In the same way, previously known binding motifs can be modified. 

Currently, many different possibilities for data analysis are available. Common data analysis strategies are illustrated by two examples, one based on ChIP-on-chip and the other on ChIP-Seq and we discuss them here in more detail. Both datasets are publicly available  

ChIP-on-chip data analysis based on estrogen receptor and RNAPolII enrichments in MCF7 cells [20]. 

ChIP-Seq of histone modifications correlated with DNAse Seq of open chromatin in CD4 cells [8, 29]. 

The data for this example was derived from the supplementary material of the estrogen receptor (ER) ChIP-on-chip publication of Carroll et al. [20]. The dataset consists of three replicates of specific enrichments for the estrogen receptor alpha and RNA Polymerase II versus input controls. All three replicates were performed on the Affymetrix human tiling 1.0 microarrays (14-chip set). 

---

Figure 9-4. Correlation analysis examples of different values of the correlation coefficient.

Perhaps the most common type of problem encountered in the analytical lab is a quantitative analysis. Examples of typical quantitative analyses include the elemental analysis of a newly synthesized compound, measuring the concentration of glucose in blood, or determining the difference between the bulk and surface concentrations of Cr in steel. Much of the analytical work in clinical, pharmaceutical, environmental, and industrial labs involves developing new methods for determining the concentration of targeted species in complex samples. Most of the examples in this text come from the area of quantitative analysis. 

Equations (2-3.7) forQjand Eqs. (2-3.1), (2-3.2), and (2-3.8) forr are used extensively in static hazard analysis. Examples include selection and use of instrumentation (3-5.3) and residence time provisions for charged liquids (5-2.4). 

In XPS, chemical information is comparatively slowly acquired in a stepwise fashion along with the depth, with alternate cycles of sputtering and analysis. Examples of profiles through oxide films on pure iron and on Fe-12Cr-lMo alloy are shown in Fig. 2.9, in which the respective contributions from the metallic and oxide components of the iron and chromium spectra have been quantified [2.10]. In these examples the oxide films were only -5 nm thick on iron and -3 nm thick on the alloy. 

Figure 7-6 Buckling Design versus Analysis Example...

Determine the empirical formula of an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen by combustion analysis (Example M.4). 

Doraiswamy, L. K., Sharma, M. M., Heterogeneous reactions - analysis, examples and reactor design, Wiley -Interscience Publications, New York (1984). 

Doraiswamy, L.K. and Sharma, M.M., 1984, Heterogeneous Reactions Analysis, Examples and Reactor Design , Vol. 2, Wiley-interscience, New York. 

When discussing the calibration and multicomponent analysis examples in previous sections, we mentioned that the parameters to be estimated are not necessarily constant but may vary in time. This variation is taken into account by... 

Many standard compendium methods (ASTM, EPA, FAAM) are based on GC analysis. Examples are the GC-FID determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME ... 

Other combinations are available. For example, liquid chromatographs connected to mass spectrometers (known as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS]) are fairly common. Almost any combination of two instruments that can be thought of has been built. In addition, two of the same instruments can be connected so that the output from one is fed directly into the other for further separation and analysis. Examples include two mass spectrometers in an MS-MS arrangement and two different gas chromatography columns connected in a series, known as GC-GC. To keep up with these advances, one needs to have a working knowledge of the fundamental principles involved in the techniques and of the abbreviations used for the various instrumentation methods. 

A data analysis example, such as that shown in Fig. 16.17, permits an assessment of different membrane types, and anode and cathode coatings with regard to the cell voltage from studies of more than 1900 single elements at standardised conditions. 

The ultimate goal of any titrimetric analysis is to determine the amount of the analyte in a sample. This involves the stoichiometry calculation mentioned in the Work the Data section of the analytical strategy flow chart in Figure 4.1. This amount of analyte is often expressed as a percentage, as it was for the gravimetric analysis examples in Chapter 3. This percentage is calculated via the basic equation for percent used previously for the gravimetric analysis examples ... 

When a solution is tested, both analyte and solvent absorption bands will be present in the spectrum, and identification, if that is the purpose of the experiment, is hindered. Some solvents have rather simple IR spectra and are thus considered more desirable as solvents for qualitative analysis. Examples are carbon tetrachloride (CC14, only C-Cl bonds), choloroform (CHC13), and methylene chloride (CH2C12). The infrared spectra of carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride are shown in Figure 8.21. There is a problem with toxicity with these solvents, however. For quantitative analysis, such absorption band interference is less of a problem because one needs only to have a single absorption band of the analyte isolated from the other bands. This one band can be the source of the data for the standard curve since the peak absorption increases with increasing concentration (see Section 8.11 and Experiment 25). See Workplace Scene 8.2. 

In the previous section, the role of solvent extraction was limited to preparing the analyte for subsequent analysis. A large majority of procedures that use solvent extraction in chemical analysis are used in this fashion. However, the extraction itself, or rather the distribution ratio characterizing it, may provide an appropriate measured signal for analysis. Examples of this use of solvent extraction are found in spectroscopy, isotope dilution radiometry, and ion-selective electrodes using liquid membranes. In the latter case, electrochemical determinations are possible by controlling the local concentration of specific ions in a solution by extraction. 

Figure 6.4 A commercial IR Spectrometer for near-line, at-line and mobile IR analysis example shown is the Wilks Enterprise VFA-IR Spectrometer.

This useful companion disk contains root cause analysis examples, predefined tree examples, practical checklists that can be customized, and incident evidence photograph examples. It includes a quick checklist for investigators traveling to an incident, examples of methodologies that may be usefiil in training the onsite team, and checklists and samples from the text that can be printed out at the incident site to help organize the team s work. 

Propane Tank Root Cause Analysis Example -Propane Tank Cause and Effect Chart (CEC)... 

Dionisio Vlachos, A Review of Multiscale Analysis Examples from System Biology, Materials Engineering, and Other Fluids-Surface Interacting Systems... 

Peters, Humphrey, and Floral [5] describe netting analysis and provide analysis examples for pressure vessels and geodesic dome contours. Several design considerations are outlined in this reference ... 

Spreadsheet 2.3. Cochran test for homogeneity of variances in the soil analysis example given in the text. 

---