Geodesic domes

The discovery of perfect geodesic dome closed structures of carbon, such as C o has led to numerous studies of so-called Buckminster fullerene. Dislocations are important features of the structures of nested fullerenes also called onion skin, multilayered or Russian doll fullerenes. A recent theoretical study [118] shows that these defects serve to relieve large inherent strains in thick-walled nested fullerenes such that they can show faceted shapes. 

Buckminsterfullerene (Chapter 11 essay Carbon Clusters Fullerenes and Nanotubes ) Name given to the Cgo cluster with structure resembling the geodesic domes of R Buck minster Fuller see front cover... 

Aluminum geodesic dome roof tanks are becoming popular. These are often the economic choice. They offer superior corrosion resistance for a wide range of conditions, and are clear span stmctures not requiring internal supports. They can also be built to any required diameter. However, domes caimot handle more than a few inches of water column internal or external pressure. 

In 1990, a third form of soHd carbon was confirmed and designated TuckniinsterfilUetenes. These 60-carbon (and 78-C) clusters are described as having the shape of a geodesic dome or soccer ball and hence are also known as "bucky balls" (5). 

The C50 molecule contains 12 pentagons and 20 hexagons. This type of hexagonal-pentagonal structure closely resembles the geodesic domes developed by the architect and engineer R. Buckminster Fuller, after whom the molecule is named. In the Csn molecule each carbon atom is bonded to three... 

Al the Ooishi shrine of Ako in Japan, a geodesic dome made of bamboo with three golden balls, which was the symbol called Uraajirushi used by a general named Mori Mis-aemon nojyo Yoshinari at the battle of Okehazama in 1560, has been kept in custody. (See ref. [4]). 

Buckminster Fuller stands in front of a solar-powered geodesic dome house. lAPAA/ide World Photos)... 

If you re a sports fan, you ve almost certainly seen this structure before. It is that of a soccer ball with a carbon atom at each vertex. Smalley and his colleagues could have named this allotropic form of carbon "carbosoccer" or "soc-cerene," but they didn t. Instead they called it "buckminster fullerene" after the architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes vaguely resembled truncated soccer balls. 

Chemists were greatly surprised when soccer-ball-shaped carbon molecules were first identified in 1985, particularly because they might be even more abundant than graphite and diamond The C60 molecule (10) is named buckminsterfullerene after the American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domes it resembles. Within 2 years, scientists had succeeded in making crystals of buckminsterfullerene the solid samples are called fullerite (Fig. 14.32). The discovery of this molecule and others with similar structures, such as C70, opened up the prospect of a whole new field of chemistry. For instance, the interior of a C60 molecule is big enough to hold an atom of another element, and chemists are now busily preparing a whole new periodic table of these shrink-wrapped atoms. 

Figure 4.19C shows Ceo, which is one type of fullerene discovered in 1985. It was given the name buckminsterfullerene because it resembles the geodesic-domed structure designed by architect R. Buckminster Fuller. Also known as buckyballs, Ceo is just one of several fullerenes that have been discovered. Others have been shown to have the formula C70, C74, and C82. Because of their spherical shape, researchers have speculated that fullerenes might make good lubricants. 

In C60 fullerene-type carbon allotrope, there is only one structure in which all the pentagons are nonadjacent and this is icosohedral symmetry-I (Fig. 4.11). This structure is often referred to as backyball to reflect on its full name buckminster-fullerene (after Buckminster Fuller who popularized the geodesic dome as an architectural form). 

Cgg was named buckminsterfullerene, in honor of the visionary American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983). Fuller is known for developing and promoting the geodesic dome, which resembles. (Buckminsterfullerene molecules are also sometimes called buckyballs.) Later, researchers discovered this molecule belongs to a family of related carbon structures, which have become known as fuller-enes. The smallest fullerene is containing 20 carbon atoms. 

Bose-Einstein Condensate phase of matter that is created just above absolute zero when atoms lose their individual identity Boyle s Law law that states volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure Breeder Reactor type of nuclear reactor that creates or breeds fissionable plutonium from nonfissionable U-238 Buckministerfullerene Cg, allotrope of carbon consisting of spherical arrangement of carbon, named after architect Buckmin-ister Fuller, Invertor of geodesic dome Buffer a solution that resists a change in pH... 

This polymorph of carbon was only discovered in 1985 by Sir Harry Kroto at the University of Sussex while looking for carbon chains. It is made by passing an electric arc between two carbon rods in a partial atmosphere of helium. Kroto was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1996, along with two American researchers (Robert F.Curl Jr. and Richard E.Smalley). The molecule has the formula Ceo and has the same shape as a soccer ball—a truncated icosahedron it takes its name from the engineer and philosopher Buckminster Fuller who discovered the architectural principle of the hollow geodesic dome that this molecule resembles (a geodesic dome was built for EXPO 67 in Montreal). The structure is depicted in Figure 6.14. 

Peters, Humphrey, and Floral [5] describe netting analysis and provide analysis examples for pressure vessels and geodesic dome contours. Several design considerations are outlined in this reference ... 

What is the symmetry of buckminsterfullerene934 Do you expect it to be chiral To have a dipole moment To be soluble in benzene Buckminsterfullerene was named after R. Buckminster Fuller, who became best known for his popularization of the geodesic dome Is a geodesic dome the same as a segment of buckminsterfullerene What is the symmetry of the bis(4-r-butyIpyridine)osmyl derivative of buckminsterfullerene (Fig. 3.34) Do you expect it to be chiral To have a dipole moment To be soluble in benzene ... 

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