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Reaction heterogeneous

Photochemical reactions (chapter A3.13) and heterogeneous reactions on surfaces (chapter A3.10) are discussed in separate chapters. [Pg.759]

Reaction (5) proceeds mostly heterogeneously, reaction (6) mostly homogeneously. This mechanism can be integrated with simplifying assumptions to demonstrate the main features of gas-phase explosion kinetics [8]... [Pg.792]

Dir, whereas for small distances d < r), /r Did. The large effective obtainable enables fast heterogeneous reaction rates to be measured under steady-state conditions. Zhou and Bard measured a rate constant of 6 x 10 Ms for the electro-hydrodimerization of acrylonitrile (AN) and observed the short-lived intennediate AN for this process [65]. [Pg.1942]

Modelling plasma chemical systems is a complex task, because these system are far from thennodynamical equilibrium. A complete model includes the external electric circuit, the various physical volume and surface reactions, the space charges and the internal electric fields, the electron kinetics, the homogeneous chemical reactions in the plasma volume as well as the heterogeneous reactions at the walls or electrodes. These reactions are initiated primarily by the electrons. In most cases, plasma chemical reactors work with a flowing gas so that the flow conditions, laminar or turbulent, must be taken into account. As discussed before, the electron gas is not in thennodynamic equilibrium... [Pg.2810]

Whereas superaeid (HF/BF3, HF/SbF, HF/TaF FS03FI/SbF3, etc.)-eatalyzed hydroearbon transformations were first explored in the liquid phase, subsequently, solid aeid eatalyst systems, sueh as those based on Nafion-H, longer-chain perfluorinated alkanesulfonic acids, fluorinated graphite intercalates, etc. were also developed and utilized for heterogeneous reactions. The strong acidic nature of zeolite catalysts was also successfully explored in cases such as FI-ZSM-5 at high temperatures. [Pg.164]

Heterogeneous reaction (Section 6 1) A reaction involving two or more substances present in different phases Hydro genation of alkenes is a heterogeneous reaction that takes place on the surface of an insoluble metal catalyst Heterolytic cleavage (Section 4 16) Dissociation of a two electron covalent bond in such a way that both electrons are retained by one of the initially bonded atoms Hexose (Section 25 4) A carbohydrate with six carbon atoms High density lipoprotein (HDL) (Section 26 11) A protein that carries cholesterol from the tissues to the liver where it is metabolized HDL is often called good cholesterol Histones (Section 28 9) Proteins that are associated with DNA in nucleosomes... [Pg.1285]

Because the highest possible interfacial area is desired for the heterogeneous reaction mixture, advances have also been made in the techniques used for mixing the two reaction phases. Several jet impingement reactors have been developed that are especially suited for nitration reactions (14). The process boosts reaction rates and yields. It also reduces the formation of by-products such as mono-, di-, and trinitrophenol by 50%. First Chemical (Pascagoula, Mississippi) uses this process at its plant. Another technique is to atomize the reactant layers by pressure injection through an orifice nozzle into a reaction chamber (15). The technique uses pressures of typically 0.21—0.93 MPa (30—135 psi) and consistendy produces droplets less than 1 p.m in size. The process is economical to build and operate, is safe, and leads to a substantially pure product. [Pg.65]

Similar heterogeneous reactions also can occur, but somewhat less efticientiy, in the lower stratosphere on global sulfate clouds (ie, aerosols of sulfuric acid), which are formed by oxidation of SO2 and COS from volcanic and biological activity, respectively (80). The effect is most pronounced in the colder regions of the stratosphere at high latitudes. Indeed, the sulfate aerosols resulting from emptions of El Chicon in 1982 and Mt. Pinatubo in 1991 have been impHcated in subsequent reduced ozone concentrations (85). [Pg.496]

To manufacture the lower aLkylamines by Method 1, ammonia and alcohol are passed continuously over a fixed bed containing the catalyst in a gas—soHd heterogeneous reaction. The ammonia to alcohol mole ratio varies from 2 1 to 6 1 depending on the amine desired as shown in Figure 1. Operating conditions are maintained in the range from 300—500°C and 790—3550 kPa (100—500 psig) at a gas hourly space velocity between 500—1500 vol/vol per hour. Yields are typically in excess of 90%. [Pg.199]

L. K. Doraiswany and M. M. Shamia, Heterogeneous Reactions, Hnaijses, Examples and Reactor Design, Vol. 2, Fluid—Fluid Solid Reactions, ]ohxi Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1984, pp. 299—300. [Pg.530]

Poly(vinyl alcohol) undergoes Michaels addition with compounds containing activated double bonds, including acrylonitrile (145—150), acrylamide (151—153), A/-methylolacrylamide (154—156), methyl vinyl ketone (157,158), acrolein (157), and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate (159). The reactions have been carried out under conditions spanning from homogeneous reactions in solvent to heterogeneous reactions occurring in the swollen powder or fiber. [Pg.481]

The cathode reaction involves reduction of silver oxide to metallic silver [7440-22-4J. The reaction is a two-phase, heterogeneous reaction producing a substantially constant voltage during discharge. Some manganese dioxide may be added to the cathode, as in the case of mercury oxide cells. [Pg.530]

Transport Phenomena. Electrochemical reactions are heterogeneous and are governed by various transport phenomena, which are important features ia the desiga of a commercial electroorganic cell system. As for other heterogeneous reactions, the electrochemical reaction is impacted by heat and... [Pg.87]

Clearly, these groupings are not mutually exclusive. The chief distinctions are between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and between batch and flow reactions. These distinctions most influence the choice of equipment, operating conditions, and methods of design. [Pg.683]

Heterogeneous reactions of industrial significance occur between all combinations of gas, liquid, and solid phases. The solids may be inert or reac tive or catalysts in granular form. Some noncatalytic examples are listed in Table 7-11, and processes with solid catalysts are listed under Catalysis in Sec. 23. Equipment and operating conditions of heterogeneous processes are covered at some length in Sec. 23 only some highlights will be pointed out here. [Pg.706]

Two lists of gas/liquid reactions of industrial importance have been compiled recently. The literature survey by Danckwerts (Gas-Liquid Reactions, McGraw-Hill, 1970) cites 40 different systems. A supplementary list by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions Fluid-Lluid-Solid Reactions, Wiley, 1984) cites another 50 items, and indicates the most suitable land of reactor to be used for each. Estimates of values of parameters that may be expec ted of some types of gas/liquid reac tors are in Tables 23-9 and 23-10. [Pg.2110]


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A Generalized Model for Heterogeneous Reactions

ATMOSPHERIC FATES OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED PAHs HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS

Acid-base heterogeneous reactions

Activation in heterogeneous reactions

Aldehyde-amine heterogeneous reactions

Ammonia-acid heterogeneous reactions

Approximate Kinetic Expressions for Electrocatalytic Reactions on Heterogeneous Surfaces

Atmospheric samples, heterogeneous reactions

Basic Kinetic Models of Catalytic Heterogenous Reactions

Basic Processes in Heterogeneous Reactions

Books on Heterogeneous Catalysis of Organic Reactions

Case Studies on Heterogeneous Photoredox Reactions

Case Study III Heterogeneously Catalyzed Multiphase Reaction

Catalysts heterogeneous reaction mechanisms

Catalysts heterogeneous reactions

Catalytic heterogeneous reactions metals

Catalytic heterogeneous reactions reaction rate constant

Catalytic heterogeneous reactions surfaces

Cellulose heterogeneous catalytic reaction

Chemical kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Chemical reaction heterogeneous

Chemical reaction heterogenous

Chemical reaction kinetics difference between heterogeneous

Chemical reactions heterogeneous catalysis

Chemical reactions heterogeneous nature

Classification of Reactivity in Heterogeneous Reactions

Cooling history based on other heterogeneous reactions

Correspondence between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions

Decomposition heterogeneous reactions

Diffusion and First-Order Heterogeneous Reactions

Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets

Directed reactions hydrogenation, heterogenous

Distillation heterogeneous reactions

EXTERNAL TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS

Electrochemical polarization heterogeneous reactions

Electrode Reactions on Heterogeneous Surfaces

Electron-transfer reactions heterogeneous

Elementary Steps in Heterogenous Reactions

Equations for Heterogeneous Reactions

Equilibrium Calculations for Gas-Phase and Heterogeneous Reactions

Equilibrium constant heterogeneous reactions

Examples of Heterogeneous Reactions Using Solid Catalysts and Ultrasound

Examples of elementary processes in heterogeneous catalytic reactions on metal oxides

Experimental kinetic data of heterogeneous reactions

Fast reactions heterogeneous

Fenton heterogeneous reaction

Finding the Mechanism of Irreversible Heterogeneous Reactions

First order heterogeneous catalytic reaction

First-order reactions heterogeneous

First-order reactions heterogenously catalyzed

Fischer-Tropsch reaction heterogeneous catalysis

Formic acid, decomposition heterogeneous reactions

Gas-phase heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Heat heterogeneous reactions

Henry reaction heterogeneous

Henry reaction heterogeneous phase method

Heterogeneous Acid-Catalyzed Reactions

Heterogeneous Catalysis and Surface Reactions

Heterogeneous Catalysis of Diels-Alder Reactions

Heterogeneous Catalysis of Redox Reactions

Heterogeneous Catalysis of Solution Reactions

Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions (Introduction to Transport Effects)

Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Solutions

Heterogeneous Diels-Alder reaction

Heterogeneous Equilibria Reactions Involving Solids and Liquids

Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Reactions

Heterogeneous Heck reaction

Heterogeneous Mannich reaction

Heterogeneous Michael reaction

Heterogeneous Pauson-Khand reaction

Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Reactions in the Troposphere

Heterogeneous Photochemical Reactions

Heterogeneous Reactions - Introduction

Heterogeneous Reactions of Unusual Stoichiometries

Heterogeneous SCFs reactions

Heterogeneous Solid-State Reactions

Heterogeneous aldol reaction

Heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis hydrogenation reactions

Heterogeneous atmospheric reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis Sonogashira reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis Suzuki coupling reactions

Heterogeneous catalysis catalytic reaction steps

Heterogeneous catalysis elementary reaction rate

Heterogeneous catalysis first-order chemical reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis hydrogen-oxygen reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis metals, reactions

Heterogeneous catalysis predicted reactions

Heterogeneous catalysis reaction

Heterogeneous catalysis reaction directions

Heterogeneous catalysis steady reaction analysis

Heterogeneous catalysis steady-reaction theory

Heterogeneous catalysis surface reactions

Heterogeneous catalysis with homogeneous carbonylation reaction

Heterogeneous catalyst platinum-catalyzed reactions

Heterogeneous catalytic carbonylation reaction

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions accelerated rate

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions approximation

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions bifunctional catalysts

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions estimation

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions in supercritical solvents

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions models/parameters

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions steps

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions surface complex, formation

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions testing

Heterogeneous catalytic reactions texts

Heterogeneous catalyzed reactions

Heterogeneous catalyzed reactions problems

Heterogeneous chemical reactions catalyst effects

Heterogeneous chemical reactions defined

Heterogeneous chemical reactions difference between homogeneous

Heterogeneous electrode reaction

Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions applications

Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions measurements

Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions principles

Heterogeneous electron transfer reactions studies

Heterogeneous electron transfer, reaction rates

Heterogeneous exchange reactions

Heterogeneous flow reactions

Heterogeneous gas-phase reactions

Heterogeneous gas-solid surface reactions

Heterogeneous hydrosilation reactions

Heterogeneous immobilized catalysts, flow reaction

Heterogeneous media, reactions

Heterogeneous metal-catalyzed reactions

Heterogeneous oxidation reaction, diagram

Heterogeneous photo-Fenton reactions

Heterogeneous photocatalysis reaction mechanisms

Heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions

Heterogeneous process catalytic reactions

Heterogeneous reaction conditions

Heterogeneous reaction high frequency

Heterogeneous reaction kinetics

Heterogeneous reaction mechanism, anodic

Heterogeneous reaction mechanism, anodic current

Heterogeneous reaction mixture

Heterogeneous reaction model

Heterogeneous reaction scale

Heterogeneous reaction steps

Heterogeneous reaction systems

Heterogeneous reaction systems metal-containing polymers

Heterogeneous reaction thermodynamics

Heterogeneous reaction, electrochemical

Heterogeneous reaction, electrochemical experiments

Heterogeneous reaction/process

Heterogeneous reactions Crystal growth Interface reaction

Heterogeneous reactions Diffusion

Heterogeneous reactions Nucleation

Heterogeneous reactions Ostwald ripening

Heterogeneous reactions analysis

Heterogeneous reactions controlling factor

Heterogeneous reactions definition

Heterogeneous reactions external diffusion effects

Heterogeneous reactions industrial noncatalytic

Heterogeneous reactions interfaces

Heterogeneous reactions mechanism

Heterogeneous reactions on PSC

Heterogeneous reactions rate-determining step

Heterogeneous reactions solubilities

Heterogeneous reactions synthesis

Heterogeneous reactions transport control

Heterogeneous reactions, aerosols

Heterogeneous reactions, comparison with

Heterogeneous reactions, definition kinetics

Heterogeneous reactions, definition order

Heterogeneous reactions, interfaces different phases

Heterogeneous reactions, parameter

Heterogeneous reactions, scanning

Heterogeneous reactions, scanning electrochemical microscopy

Heterogeneous reactions, solids

Heterogeneous reactions. Rates of diffusion

Heterogeneous redox reactions

Heterogeneous selective oxidation reactions

Heterogeneous single-step flow reaction

Heterogeneous sonochemistry liquid-solid reactions

Heterogeneous stoichiometric reaction

Heterogeneous surface-catalysed reactions

Heterogeneous water-gas shift reaction

Heterogeneous, reactions standard rate constant

Heterogeneous-homogeneous catalytic reaction models

Heterogeneous-homogeneous catalytic reactions, modeling

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions chain branching

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions chain termination

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions free radicals

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions residence time

Heterogeneous-homogeneous reactions steady-state approximation

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Alkylation Reactions

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydroformylation Reactions

Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation Reactions

Heterogeneously catalyzed reaction

Heterogeneously catalyzed surface reactions

Heterogeneously catalyzed surface reactions rate equations

Heterogenization homogeneous reaction

Heterogenous and Multiphase Reactions

Heterogenous catalytic reactions

Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction as Rate-Determining Step

Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions

Hydrogen chloride heterogeneous reactions

Hydrogenation heterogeneous reactions

Industrial reactions heterogeneous catalytic, kinetics

Initiation heterogeneous reactions

Intrinsic Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions Involving Solids

Intrinsic kinetics heterogeneous reactions

Intrinsic kinetics of heterogeneous reactions

Is the Reaction Heterogeneous or Homogeneous

KINETICS OF HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS COUPLED TO HETEROGENEOUS ELECTRON TRANSFER

Kinetic heterogeneous reaction kinetics

Kinetic model for the heterogeneous reaction

Kinetic techniques heterogeneous reactions

Kinetics and Mechanisms of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions

Kinetics of Heterogeneous Stoichiometric Reactions

Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions

Kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Kinetics of heterogeneous reactions

Leaching heterogeneous reactions

Mass and Heat Transfer Effects on Heterogenous Catalytic Reactions

Mass heterogeneous reactions

Mechanism of heterogeneous reactions

Melting heterogeneous reactions

Methane, reaction with steam, heterogeneous

Micro heterogeneous reaction

Mixed heterogeneous reactions

Model of heterogeneous reactions

Multiphase heterogeneous catalytic reaction

Nitriles heterogeneous reactions

Nitro compounds, heterogeneous hydrogenation reduction reactions

Nitrogen compounds heterogeneous reactions

Nitrogen dioxide heterogeneous reaction, with water

Nitrogen dioxide heterogeneous reactions

Noncatalytic heterogeneous reactions

Noncatalyzed heterogeneous reactions

Nonisothermal heterogeneous autocatalytic reactions-diffusion system

Novel Heterogenized Catalysts for Asymmetric Ring-Opening Reactions of Epoxides

Order heterogeneous catalytic reactions

Oxide heterogeneous reactions

Palladium-carbon heterogeneity, Heck reactions

Particles, heterogeneous reactions

Phases heterogeneous reactions

Polymerisation reactions heterogeneous catalysts

Preparation advances homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions

Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Chemo- and Enantioselective Hydrogenation Reactions

Processes concerned in a heterogenous reaction

Rare heterogeneous reactions

Rate of Heterogeneous Reactions

Rate of a heterogeneous reaction

Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Reactions

Reaction Mechanisms in Heterogeneous Systems

Reaction engineering research heterogeneous catalytic processes

Reaction equilibrium heterogeneous reactions

Reaction heterogeneous reactions

Reaction heterogeneous reactions

Reaction heterogeneous surface

Reaction in heterogeneous

Reaction kinetics heterogeneous liquid-solid

Reaction mechanism heterogeneous chemical processes

Reaction mechanism heterogeneous photocatalyst

Reaction mechanisms heterogenous

Reaction rate laws heterogeneous reactions

Reaction rates heterogeneous

Reaction rates, heterogeneous electron

Reaction-Diffusion Fronts in General Heterogeneous Media

Reactions Catalyzed by Solid-Supported IL Heterogeneous Catalysis with Homogeneous Performance

Reactions heterogeneous catalyzed hydrogenation

Reactions heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst

Reactions heterogeneous multiphase

Reactions in Heterogeneous Systems

Reactions in heterogeneous phase

Reactions metals, heterogeneous redox catalysis

Reactions types, heterogeneous

Reactions, classes heterogeneous

Reactor Configuration for Heterogeneous Solid-Catalyzed Reactions

Reactor Design for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions

Reactors Accomplishing Heterogeneous Reactions

Selectivity heterogeneous reaction

Solid-liquid heterogeneous reaction systems

Solid-phase reactions heterogeneous nature

Solvent heterogeneous reactions

Some Other Heterogeneous Reactions

Sonochemical reactions heterogeneous

Sonogashira reaction heterogeneous catalysts

Spontaneous heterogeneous reactions, oxidic

Starting Heterogeneous Reactions with Metals

Steps in a Heterogeneous Catalytic Reaction

Steps in heterogeneous reactions

Steps of a Catalytic Heterogeneous Reaction

Stoichiometric heterogeneous gas-solid reactions

Stoichiometry heterogeneous reaction

Strictly heterogeneous reaction

Sulfur dioxide heterogeneous reactions

Supercritical heterogeneous reaction

Supported heterogeneous reactions

Surface area effects in mass transfer or heterogeneous reactions

Surface chemistry Kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reaction

Surface heterogeneity reactions)

Temperature heterogeneous reactions

The Equilibrium Constant for a Heterogeneous Reaction

The Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions

Theory of Heterogeneous Electron-Transfer Reactions

Three-Dimensional Reaction Zones of Heterogeneous Explosives

Type I Homochiral MOCP Catalysts in Heterogeneous Asymmetric Reactions

Type II Homochiral MOCP Catalysts in Heterogeneous Asymmetric Reactions

Types of Heterogeneous Reactions

Zero-order reactions heterogenously catalyzed

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