Image analysis examples

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

A third mode of qualitative measurement is a non-parametric one [2]. This concept is based on the direct exploitation of an analytical signal (absorbance, intensity, potential,...) without parameter calculation, leading to the simple characterization of the studied sample (Fig. 2). For example, fingerprinting or image analysis can be considered as non-parametric measurement. 

When applied to electronic nose data the presence of various sources of correlated disturbances has to be considered. As an example, sample temperature fluctuations induce correlated disturbances, which may be described by principal components of highest order. When these disturbances are important the first principal component has to be eliminated in order to emphasize the relevant data properties. A set of algorithms called Minor Component Analysis (MCA) was introduced to take into account these phenomena mainly in image analysis [17]. 

Molecular domains have been observed using the AFM analyses of LB films of a collapsed state (Birdi, 1997, 2003). For example, cholesterol films showed half-but-terfly-shaped domains (each domain consisting of 107 molecules Figure 10.4). This quantity was estimated from the following data the height of the domains was 90 A, which corresponds with six layers of the cholesterol molecule (length of the molecule is found to be 15 A from molecular models). AFM image analysis is capable... 

This chapter introduces principles of three nonlinear contrast mechanisms— MPF, SHG, and THG—for microscopic imaging. The instrumentation of nonlinear multicontrast microscopy is described, and the methods of multicontrast image analysis are presented. The later parts of the chapter focus on several examples of multicontrast nonlinear microscopy applications in biological imaging. 

This chapter begins by defining hyperspectral imaging, then presents details of instrumentation and image formation, and concludes by describing some chemo-metric image analysis tools with the help of pharmaceutical examples. 

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