Anaemias

Vitamin B,2 is produced by the growth of certain micro-organisms, and occurs also in liver, being the extrinsic anti-pernicious anaemia factor the isolation of which was sought for many years. 

The vitamin deficiency is often due to failure to absorb B12 from the stomach and can be alleviated by giving mg doses with extracts of hog s stomach which contains the intrinsic anti-pernicious anaemia factor (a muco-protein), which promotes the absorption. 

Hydroxymethyl-6-methyluracil (1043) was prepared many years ago from 6-methyl-uracil and formaldehyde, or in other ways. Since 1956 it has received much attention in the USSR under the (transliterated) name pentoxyl or pentoxil. It is used in several anaemic and disease conditions. For example, a mixture of folic acid and pentoxyl quickly reduces the anaemia resulting from lead poisoning pentoxyl stimulates the supply of serum protein after massive blood loss it stimulates wound healing it stimulates the immune response in typhus infection and it potentiates the action of sulfonamides in pneumococcus infections (70MI21300). 

Thiazolidinediones Cardiac failure liver disease Oedema, anaemia, heart failure, fractures in women LFTb... 

In a proportion of patients systemic and extra-articular features may be observed during the course of the disease (and rarely prior to joint disease). These include anaemia, weight loss, vasculitis, serositis, nodules in subcutaneous, pulmonary and sclera tissues, mononeuritis multiplex, and interstitial inflammation in lungs as well as in exocrine salivary and lacrimal tissue. However, these systemic manifestations occur relatively late in the disease progression. 

Many microorganisms minimize the effects of the host s defence system against them by mimicking the antigenic stmcture of the host tissne. The eventual immunological response of the host to infection then leads to the autoimmune destmction of itself. Thus, infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae can lead to production of antibody against normal Group 0 erythrocytes with concomitant haemolytic anaemia. 

Erythropoietin 166 amino acids glycosylated Mammalian cells Treatment of anaemia associated with dialysis and AZT/AIDS Approved for sale Without glycosylation protein is cleared very quickly from plasma... 

Iron dextran injection contains a complex of iron hydroxide with dextrans of average molecular weight between 5000 and 7000, and is used for the treatment of iron-defieiency anaemia in situations where oral therapy is ineffeetive or impractical. The sodium salt of sulphurie aeid esters of dextran, i.e. dextran sodium sulphate, has anti-eoagulant properties eomparable with heparin and is formulated as an injection for intravenous use. 

Pernicious anaemia was a fatal disease first reported in 1880. It was not until 1926 that it was discovered that eating raw liver effected a remission. The active principle was later isolated and called vitamin B or cyanocobalamin. It was initially obtained... 

Iron Dextran 5000- 7500 (complex with ferric chloride) Colloidal solution In 0.9% w/v sodium chloride injection Autoclave Deep IM non-deficiency anaemia (oral therapy ineffective or impractical) IV (slow infusion) non-deficiency anaemia (oral therapy ineffective or impractical)... 

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) Propionibacterium freudenreichii Propionibacterium shermanii Pseudomonas denitriTicans Treatment of pernicious anaemia... 

In historical terms, folates are among the most recently identified of the vitamins. Wills was the first to describe a form of anaemia associated with pregnancy and malnutrition which could be cured by yeast or liver extract (Wills, 1933 Wills et al, 1937). The active constituent of these dietary... 

WILLS L, CLUTTERBUCK P w and EVANS PDF (1937) A new factor in the production and cure of certain macrocytic anaemias , iancei, 1, 311-14. 

Cataractogenesis Thalassaemia and other chronic anaemias treated with... 

Keshan disease (selenium deficiency) Sickle cell anaemia... 

Spivak JL. The anaemia of cancer Death by a thousand cuts. Natl Rev Cancer 2005 5(7) 543-555. 

The use of farrowing crates is prohibited for organic producers, and so are routine teeth cutting and the automatic use of iron injections. However, a protective rail, farrowing box or nest is recommended, and teeth cutting for individual piglets or a litter when necessary to prevent injury to the sow is permitted, and so are iron injections for anaemia in the case of iron-deficient soils or chronic anaemia in free range systems. 

F2. Filosa, S., Calabro, V., Vallone, D., Filosa, S., Calabro, V., Vallone, D Poggi, V., Mason, P., Pagnini, D., Alfinito, F Rotoli, B., Martini, G., Luzzatto, L., and Battistuzzi, G Molecular basis of chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia A new G6PD variant (393 Arg - His) with abnormal KmG6P and marked in vivo instability. Br. J. Haematol. 80, 111 -116 (1992). 

F4. Filosa, S., Cai, W., Galanello, R., Cao, A., De Mattia, D Schettini, F., and Martini, G., A novel single-base mutation in the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene is associated with chronic non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Hum. Genet. 94,560-562 (1994),... 

R8, Rouger, H., Valentin, C Craescu, C. T., Galactdros, F., and Cohen-Solal, M., Five unknown mutations in the LR pyruvate kinase gene associated with severe hereditary nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia in France. Br. J. Haematol. 92,825-830 (1996). 

T18. Toren, A., Brok-Simoni, F Ben-Bassat, I., Holtman, F., Mandel, M., Neumann, Y., Ramot, B., Rechavi, G and Kende, G., Congenital haemolytic anaemia associated with adenylate kinase deficiency. Br. J. Haematol. 87,376-380 (1994). 

T26. Turner, G., Fletcher, J., Elber, J., Yanagawa, Y Dav6, V., and Yoshida, A., Molecular defect of a phosphoglycerate kinase variant associated with haemolytic anaemia and neurological disorders in a large kindred. Br. J. Haematol. 91,60-65 (1995). 

Chronic exposure to Pb has been shown to cause anaemia, neurotoxic effects, such as reduced cognitive performance and reduced peripheral nerve conduction velocity, and nephrotoxicity. Children are more sensitive to exposure to Pb than adults, especially during the first 2 years of life [41], For children, exposure to lead can cause growth retardation, affect the neuropsychological development and cause encephalopathy [39]. Adverse reproductive effects due to lead exposure have been observed for both men and women. Exposure of pregnant women to low concentrations of lead is associated with miscarriages and low birth weights [40],... 

Bob Richards Fred offered a little earlier, the model of what happens in sickle-cell anaemia case where there s a huge sequelae of different kinds of what might be regarded as symptomatic clusters. In the case of the mouse pup macao genes, would you say that model that has sickle-cell is a fair model in a general sort of way for what happens with the mouse pups who displayed various kinds of behaviour, including some that were labelled aggressive. 

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