Universal, definition

We typically use scaling, fouling, deposition, and several other terms in the same context and fairly indiscriminately because there is no universal definition. In general, these physicochemical processes may take... 

Sheppard, Harry J. "European alchemy in the context of a universal definition." In Die Alchemie in der europaischen Kulur- und Wissenschaftsgesischte, ed. Christoph Meinel, 13-17. Wiesbaden Harrassowitz, 1986. 

In fact, RDF is a category of the generic class of waste-derived fuel (WDF). RDF has not been given the universe definition it depends on the technologies and methods of each sector and each country. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has defined several forms of RDF as shown in Table 4 [9]. 

The search for life in the cosmos requires a generalised, universal definition of life. This must take into account the properties of systems ranging from viruses, prions, denucleated cells or endospores to life in a test tube, computer viruses or even to robots which are capable of self-replication. 

There is no universal definition of polypharmacy. One common definition is the use of five or more drugs. This is also the definition that we use in this book. With increasing number of drugs the risk for adverse drug reactions increases. 

It is not likely that a universal definition of skeleton and ligands will ever be generated. These might be concepts without definition, analogous to those of a set or a point in mathematics. 

What is a Critical Infrastructure (Cl) There is no single, universal definition, but a common understanding is that with this term it is meant a complex set of interconnected, interdependent systems on which nations, business and individuals depend for goods and services [13],... 

Fernery s corpuscular definition, albeit speculative, provided an ontology of acids and alkalis independent of their manner of preparation. As such, it could cross the boundaries of different analytic methods and serve as a universal definition. While the proliferation of analytic procedures employing acids and alkalis increasingly removed them from the procedural roots of distillation, chemists could deploy the corpuscular ontology to transplant them to a new analytic environment. The protean points of acids and pores of alkalis made such transposition possible. The corpuscular language also helped Fernery to unpack esoteric chemical practice for the consumption of fashionable Parisians who were drawn to his popular lectures. 

The literature shows confused definitions of equivalents and equivalent masses and no universal definition exists. They are defined based on specific sifuafions and are never unified. For example, in wafer chemistry, three methods of defining equivalenf mass are used equivalenf mass based on ionic charge, equivalenf mass based on... 

That the best general definition of the concept body has been given by the mathematicians, I hold to be so evident that I really do not expect anybody will query the tmth of this statement. From this universal definition of the geometricians, however, nobody will be able to deduce with correct and logical reasoning the individual nature of each single body as it exists in nature. 

There is no rigid, universal definition of what constitutes a malformation, a deviation, a retardation. 

As explained in Section 9.1.3, a universal definition of similarity or diversity of a set of molecules is not possible. For this reason, the diversity computation algorithm is split into several computational steps, and every step must be adapted to the given problem (see Fig. 4). The major steps are ... 

Unfortunately, there is a price to be paid for this universal definition of the energy scale. NHiile the expectation values of (175) are automatically finite, the same is not true for (179). In order to understand the mechanism which leads to divergencies let us consider the energy of the perturbed vacuum with respect to the homogeneous vacuum (often called Casimir energy) within perturbation theory. The basic elements of the perturbation expansion are the Greens function of the perturbed vacuum. 

There is no universal definition, but most scholars agree that life exhibits the following features ... 

The contributions in this book share the conviction that energy security is an important issue that should be addressed through economic analysis to yield policy-relevant conclusions. Although we believe in the necessity of solid economic theory, the book adopts a policy perspective. We refer to the underlying theoretical discussions in extensive references. This starts with the very definition of supply security the reader will find 27 different approaches to supply security in this book. A single, universal definition of supply security does not exist. 

Another relevant concept within information theory, in some cases strongly related to the aforementioned measures, is the so-called complexity of a given system or process. There is not a unique and universal definition of complexity for arbitrary distributions, but it could be roughly understood as an indicator of pattern, structure, and correlation associated to the system the distribution describes. Nevertheless, many different mathematical quantifications exist under such an intuitive description. This is the case of the algorithmic [19, 20], Lempel-Ziv [21] and Grassberger... 

The universal definition of the standard potential of a redox couple Red/Ox is as follows the standard potential is the value of emf of an electrochemical cell, in which diffusion potential and thermo-emf are eliminated. This cell consists of an electrode, on which the Red/Ox equilibria establish under standard conditions, and a SHE. 

Measurement and metrics for software maintenance is a difficult topic. There are a large number of product and process metrics for software. Product metrics tend to concentrate on complexity type metrics and there have been some attempts at correlating some of these metrics with maintenance effort. One of the problems here is there is no definitive and universal definition of maintainability. Another problem is that organizations are reluctant to publish data on their systems thus making any comparisons difficult. 

While there is no universal definition of the process of risk management, the different fi-ameworks propose risk management processes that are broadly similar. Although different terminologies are often used, the process of risk management is generally broken down into the following steps. 

A very important concept during lead optimization is that of the chemotype, also known as the chemical scaffold, core, framework, or template [34]. Chemotypes are the structural cores upon which different types of substituents can be attached. According to common lead optimization practice, chemists focus their work on a specific congeneric chemical series (or structural class), that is, a family of struaures which share the same chemotype or scaffold. The members of a chemical array are very likely to share the same core structure or chemotype. An algorithm was therefore developed to automatically and efficiently detect sets of compounds that share the same chemotype without any prior knowledge of a particular project. There is no universal definition of a chemotype however, some general observations are as follows ... 

A universal definition of ultra-hydrophobic surfaces is given by the following two criteria ... 

Although there is no universal definition of life, scientists generally agree that living systems share all or at least the characteristics organisation, interaction with the environment, adaptation, metabolism, growth, motility and communication. 

The precise definition of a myocardial infarction is a subject of detailed discussion in the literature. Different definitions can be used in clinical practice, clinical trials, and registries (White et al. 2014). In an attempt to standardize definitions, the Third Universal Definition of myocardial infarction is based on troponin elevation together with ischemic symptoms, ischemic ECG changes, and imaging evidence myocardial infarctions are classified into several types according to whether they are spontaneous, secondary to imbalance between coronary artery blood supply and demand, related to sudden death, or related to revascularization procedures (White et al. 2014). 

There is no universal definition of the term lipids. Lipidologists have provided useful definitions for workers interested in the chromatographic analysis of these compounds. Thus, Kates (1) consid-... 

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