Alkanolamide ethoxylates ester ethoxylate

These are two chemically different groups of products which have distinct application fields. Both product groups are obtained by reacting maleic acid anhydride (MA) with hydroxyl group(s)-carrying molecules, followed by sulfation of the intermediate product, an ester. Whereas the diester types are mainly made from a few different branched and unbranched alcohols, the monoester are derived from a wide variety of raw materials fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, their etho-xylates, and others. All these raw materials—with the exception of the branched chains—may be obtained from natural renewable resources. 

Sulphosuccinic acid esters should be grouped into mono- and diesters. The first step of the monoester sulphosuccinate synthesis is the esterification of a hydroxyl-bearing stock material by maleic acid anhydride. As stock materials, long-chain primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, or monoglycerides are generally used [10, p. 405 ff 75, 76]. 

AE, NPE, acid ethoxylates, amine ethoxylates, esters, ethoxylated esters, alkanolamides, ethoxylated alkanolamides, EO/PO copolymers LAS, alkyl sulfates, ether sulfates, isethionates, sulfosuccinate half ester, carboxylates, sarcosides, taurides, fatty acid alkanolamides, amine oxides, quaternary amines, betaines, imidazoline derivatives detection in personal care formulations... 

Antistatic agents Polyglycol ethers Alkanolamides Amine ethoxylates Phosphate esters Quaternary ammonium compounds Antistatic properties... 

Ethylan . [HarcrosUK] Alkanolamides or ethoxylated ethers, esters, or amines detergent, wetting agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, solubilizer, antifoam, dispersant, andstat, foam booster/stabi-lizer, lubricant for industrial cleaners, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles. 

NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated straight- chain alcohols, alcohol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated polyoxypropylene glycols Polyoxyethylenated mercaptans Long-chain carboxylic acid esters Alkanolamine condensates, alkanolamides Tertiary acetylenic glycols Polyoxyethylenated silicones N-alkylpyrrolidones Alkylpolyglycosides... 

Hydrocarbons, secondary alcohols, primary alcohols, waxes and fatty esters, lanolin, ethoxylates, alkanolamides, anionics. 

Hydrocarbons Secondary alcohols Primary straight-chain alcohols Waxes and fatty esters Alcohol ethoxylates Alkanolamides... 

Some variants of sulfosuccinates are derived from other substituted fatty molecules such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty amines, or fatty alkanolamides the recourse to amines (yielding sulfosuccinamates) is, however, less frequent. When using equimolar ratios, monoesters (sometime called half-esters ) are obtained, whereas with excess alcohol (or other substituted fatty molecules), diesters are obtained. 

The second class includes polyethylene glycol alkyl esters, ethoxylated linear aliphatic alcohols, ethoxylated natural fatty acids and oils, and alkanolamides. These products, together with ethylene oxide block copolymers with propylene oxide, form a class of ethoxylate surfactants that are biodegradable. Linear alcohol ethoxylates find extensive use in heavy-duty laundry detergents. 

The two most common types of alkanolamides, diethanolamides and mo-noethanolamides, are made by reacting a fatty acid or ester with diethanolamine (DEA) or monoethanolamine (MEA), respectively (Eig. 6) [11], For the diethanolamides, x h- y = 2 generally for the monoethanolamides, n = 5 or more. The EO chain can be extended on the ethanolamides in the same way as the ethoxylated amines by using a basic catalyst and adding the desired amount of EO. 

Ethoxylated alkylphenols Ethoxylated phosphate esters Ethoxylated alkanolamides Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates Sulfosuccinates acid salts Amine alkylbenzene sulfonates Petroleum sulfonates Soaps/fatty-acid mixtures Fatty-acid esters of sorbitans... 

The most common examples of this class are diesters of 2-ethylhexanol. However, there are commercial products which are monoesters, diesters, or mixtures of the two. The alcohol portion of the ester may be fatty alcohol, fatty acid alkanolamide, or ethoxylated fatty amine. They are typically synthesized by forming the ester or amide with maleic anhydride, followed by reaction of the alkyl fumarate with sodium bisulfite. The monoesters are often used in cosmetics and shampoos. 

These are produced by addition of ethylene oxide to the hydroxyl group of the alkanolamides described above. Ethanolamine and fatty acid impurities, if present in the starting alkanolamide, may also be ethoxylated to give ethoxylated ethanolamine and ethoxylated fatty acid. Other impurities may include polyethylene glycol as well as fatty acid esters of all hydroxyl-containing impurities (4). 

This method has been demonstrated for analysis of ethoxylates of alcohols, alkylphenols, fatty acids, sorbitan esters, glycerides, alkanolamides, and other materials. The HPLC method typically gives higher results than the extraction method. This procedure is readily adaptable to ordinary reversed-phase columns with methanol/water or acetonitrile/water mobile phases, provided that ordinary optimization procedures are followed. If desired, the molecular weight distribution of the PEG can be determined by HPLC analysis of the original sample on a LiChrosorb Diol (Merck) column, with isocratic mobile phase of 105 95 10 1 n-hexane/2-propanol/water/acetic acid and refractive index detection (25). An occasional back-flush of the column with the same mobile phase is required. 

Forming the trimethylsilyl ethers of ethoxylates of moderate MW makes them volatile enough to be analyzed even by packed-column gas chromatography. The complete molecular weight distribution can be calculated on a relative basis, with standards required for definitive work. Compounds also containing oxypropylene moieties usually cannot be distinguished from pure ethoxylates by this technique. Alkanolamides and the various esters of sorbitol, sucrose, and glycerin can be characterized by analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. 

Iodine vapor is generally suitable for visualization of nonionics and is compatible with densitometry (14,46,47). The plate must be covered with another glass plate or photographed immediately, since the iodine color fades rapidly in air (48). Acid blue 158 has been shown to be a good, general purpose visualizer for surfactants (49). It was demonstrated for detection of AE and NPE as well as ethoxylated amines and an alkanolamide. Cobalt thiocyanate reagent, commonly used for spectrophotometric determination of nonionic surfactants, has also been used as a visualizer for qualitative TLC analysis (50.51). Formation of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate ester derivatives allows visualization with UV light of surfactants without chromophores (52). 

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