Alkaline salt

An aqueous PVA solution containing a small amount of boric acid may be extmded into an aqueous alkaline salt solution to form a gel-like fiber (15,16). In this process, sodium hydroxide penetrates rapidly into the aqueous PVA solution extmded through orifices to make it alkaline, whereby boric acid cross-links PVA molecules with each other. The resulting fiber is provided with sufficient strength to withstand transportation to the next process step and its cross section does not show a distinct skin/core stmcture. 

The composition of the builders in an alkaline cleaner is dependent on the metal substrate from which the soil is to be removed. For steel (qv) or stainless steel aggressive, ie, high pH, alkaline salts such as sodium or potassium hydroxide can be used as the main alkaline builder. For aluminum, zinc, brass, or tin plate, less aggressive (lower pH) builders such as sodium or potassium siUcates, mono- and diphosphates, borates, and bicarbonates are used. 

The mechanisms by which an alkaline cleaner removes the soil are saponification, emulsification, and dispersion. These mechanisms can operate independently or in combination. Saponification occurs when alkaline salts react with fatty components of the soil, forming a soluble soap compound. 

Nickel—Copper. In the soHd state, nickel and copper form a continuous soHd solution. The nickel-rich, nickel—copper alloys are characterized by a good compromise of strength and ductihty and are resistant to corrosion and stress corrosion ia many environments, ia particular water and seawater, nonoxidizing acids, neutral and alkaline salts, and alkaUes. These alloys are weldable and are characterized by elevated and high temperature mechanical properties for certain appHcations. The copper content ia these alloys also easure improved thermal coaductivity for heat exchange. MONEL alloy 400 is a typical nickel-rich, nickel—copper alloy ia which the nickel content is ca 66 wt %. MONEL alloy K-500 is essentially alloy 400 with small additions of aluminum and titanium. Aging of alloy K-500 results in very fine y -precipitates and increased strength (see also Copper alloys). 

Neutral or alkaline salts, eg, KCl, K SO, K CO, or Na PO, are often present in synthetic latices in quantities of - <1%, based on the weight of the mbber. During emulsion polymerization the salts help control viscosity of the latex and, in the case of alkaline salts, the pH of the system. Many polymerizations are carried out at high pH, requiring the use of fixed alkaH, eg, KOH or NaOH. Very small amounts of ferrous salts can be employed as a component of the initiator system, in which case a sequesteriag agent, eg, ethyldiaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA) may be iacluded to complex the iron. Water-soluble shortstops, eg, potassium dithiocarbamate, may also be iacluded ia very small amounts (ca 0.1 parts). 

Other products of commercial value, such as laurylthiopropionic acid [1462-52-8], C22H24SCH2CH2COOH, are produced starting from 3-mercaptopropionic acid [107-96-0], HSCH2CH2COOH, and unsaturated products.. 7- Alkylthiocarhoxylic acids and their potassium salts have been described and evaluated as surfactants (qv). They provide exceUent thermally stable behavior and good surface activity for their alkaline salts (4). 

Thiol esters are obtained in 91% yield by the addition of aioyl chloride to a slurry of an alkaline salt xanthate in acetone without cooling (54) ... 

Chlorine gas is usually used, but electrolysis of alkaline salt solutions in which chlorine is generated in situ is also possible and may become more important in the future. The final pH of solutions to be sold or stored is always adjusted above 11 to maximize stabiUty. The salt is usually not removed. However, when the starting solution contains more than 20.5% sodium hydroxide some salt precipitates as it is formed. This precipitate is removed by filtration to make 12—15% NaOCl solutions with about one-half of the normal amount of salt. Small amounts of such solutions are sold for special purposes. Solutions with practically no salt can be made by reaction of high purity hypochlorous acid with metal hydroxides. 

Borides are inert toward nonoxidizing acids however, a few, such as Be2B and MgB2, react with aqueous acids to form boron hydrides. Most borides dissolve in oxidizing acids such as nitric or hot sulfuric acid and they ate also readily attacked by hot alkaline salt melts or fused alkaU peroxides, forming the mote stable borates. In dry air, where a protective oxide film can be preserved, borides ate relatively resistant to oxidation. For example, the borides of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, and tungsten do not oxidize appreciably in air up to temperatures of 1000—1200°C. Zirconium and titanium borides ate fairly resistant up to 1400°C. Engineering and other properties of refractory metal borides have been summarized (1). 

In the presynthetic surfactant era, soap was budt (and stiU is) with alkaline salts such as soda ash, sdicates, orthophosphates, and borates. These materials buffer the wash solution to a high pH and prevent soap protonation thus the soap remains effective. Another type of budder is the neutral... 

Ethylamines. Mono-, di-, and triethylamines, produced by catalytic reaction of ethanol with ammonia (330), are a significant outlet for ethanol. The vapor-phase continuous process takes place at 1.38 MPa (13.6 atm) and 150—220°C over a nickel catalyst supported on alumina, siUca, or sihca—alumina. In this reductive amination under a hydrogen atmosphere, the ratio of the mono-, di-, and triethylamine product can be controlled by recycling the unwanted products. Other catalysts used include phosphoric acid and derivatives, copper and iron chlorides, sulfates, and oxides in the presence of acids or alkaline salts (331). Piperidine can be ethylated with ethanol in the presence of Raney nickel catalyst at 200°C and 10.3 MPa (102 atm), to give W-ethylpiperidine [766-09-6] (332). 

Arid .—Make a solution (if not already dissolved) and test with litmus. If the liquid is acid, a fiee (UvVf is probably present. If the liquid is neutral and a metal has been found, a metallic salt is probably present. If the liquid is alkaline, it may be the alkaline salt of a phenol or an alkaline cyanide, both of which are hydiolysed in solution. The separation and identification ot the acid is not a eiy simple niattei. If the acid is an aromatK ... 

A method of preparation is to react an acid salt of choline (such as choline chloride or choline bromide) with an alkaline salt of salicylic acid (such as sodium salicylate, potassium salicylate, or magnesium salicylate) in an alcoholic media. 

Alkalinity the total concentration of alkaline salts (bicarbonate, carbonate and hydroxide) determined by titration with acid to pH 4.5. Units are mg/l as CaCOs. 

Nickel and nickel alloys generally possess good corrosion resistance to acidic, neutral and alkaline salts, including halides, that are not oxidising in character. Oxidising salts are usually corrosive towards Ni, Ni-Cu and Ni-Mo alloys, but not to Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo-Cu alloys unless they contain appreciable quantities of both oxidiser and halide ions, e.g. FeClj, CuClj, NaOCl. Ni-Cr-Mo alloys are among the few metallic materials that are resistant to oxidising halide salts. 

To reduce the effects of corrosion, inhibitors are added, typically sodium chromate in the salt brines and sodium phosphate in the glycols. These are alkaline salts and help to counteract the effects of oxidation, but periodic checks should be taken, and borax or similar alkali added if the pH value falls below 7.0 or 7.5 [1]. 

Activity in n-butane isomerization reaction of various alkaline salts of H3PW12O40 and H4SiWi2O40 was shown to be strongly dependent on the strength and number of accessible protons whereas the stability with time on stream was correlated to the presence of mesoporosity. For the liquid iC4/C4 continuous alkylation reaction, the strength and the number of acid sites appeared less important than the existence of mesoporosity indicating that the diffusion of the reactants and of the products plays an important role in this reaction. 

Similar aza-Diels-Alder reactions of Danishefsky s diene with imines or aldehydes and amines in water took place smoothly under neutral conditions in the presence of a catalytic amount of an alkaline salt such as sodium triflate or sodium tetraphenylborate to afford dihydro-4-pyridones in high yields (Eq. 12.49).117 Antibodies have also been found to catalyze hetero-Diels-Alder reactions.118... 

Not specified Miocene sand 1. Organic adds Organic compounds 2. Alkaline salts Organic compounds Precipitation Adsorption (inferred)... 

Hobbs, D. T., Blume, M. S., Tracker, H. L., Screening Evaluation of Alternate Sorbents and Methods for Strontium and Actinide Removal from Alkaline Salt Solution, WSRC-TR-2001-00072, 2001, 20 p.p. Available at http //sti.srs.gov/ fulltext/tr2001072/ tr2001072.html. 

Oral alkalinizing salts (e.g., sodium bicarbonate, Shohl solution, and Bicitra) can be used in patients with stage 4 or 5 CKD. Polycitra, which... 

The ESI-MS is nowadays the most commonly used LC-MS coupling device for the analysis of LAS and SPC. But also for the analysis of these anionic analytes the most serious drawbacks of this ionisation technique are matrix effects. A crucial role is played by mobile phases containing relatively high salt concentrations or ion-pair reagents that lead to signal instability or even, in some cases, to plugging of the orifice plate. For successful removal of alkaline salts, a suppressor was incorporated between the LC column and the mass spectrometer [24]. With this set-up it was possible to reduce a spiked sodium concentration of 15 mg L-1 in the HPLC eluent before the suppressor by more than 99.8% at the entry into the MS. 

In the specific case of biomass gasification, several alkaline salts and heavy metals and metal oxides particles may act as additional poisons by enhancing the sintering of the Ni crystallites or by being adsorbed on the Ni sites [44]. While acid supports such as alumina react with alkali to form crystalline phases, basic supports (like MgO) do not react directly with them however, alkali causes coverage of the surface and plugging of the pores. 

The phase behavior of systems containing pH-sensitive surfactants is another example of non-linearity of the mixing rule. If an oil phase containing an amphiphilic molecule, such as an organic acid, as in the case of naphtenic acids in crude oils, is put into contact with an alkaline water phase, the neutralization takes place at interface and results in a mixture of unneutralized acid (the lipophilic component) and its dissociated alkaline salt (the hydrophilic component). Hence, the interface contains a mixture of two surfactants whose relative proportion depends on the ionization (in the water and at interface), and thus of the pH [75]. 

After it is cooled, the solidified mixture is washed with distilled water to remove excess manganese salt and the alkaline salt formed. After filtration, the manganese diphosphate is dried by heating in air at 200°. 

Boerhaave even stated in his Elements of Chemistry that all die vegetables which have grown on the earth since the beginning of the world to the present, and which have putrefied without bemg reduced to ash by the action of fire, and have been consumed in the course of time, have never yielded a single gram of fixed alkaline salt. On the contrary, they have been dispersed in volatile particles. . (7). 

In 1758-59 A. S. Marggraf prepared very pure cubic saltpeter from common salt. After cooling the vessel and breaking the retort, said he, I found m it a saline substance which took fire on glowing charcoal, without the slightest crackling (just as ordinary saltpeter does when very pure) and, as the chemists say, detonated, but with the difference that the flame was yellow for that with ordinary prismatic niter is usually whitish (48). In his next paper, which was entitled Proof that the alkaline part separated from common salt is a true alkaline salt and not an alkaline earth, he mentioned the yellow flash of gunpowder made with cubic saltpeter and the blue (violet) flash of that made with prismatic saltpeter (48). 

Priestley mentioned that Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari and other scientists of Bologna in 1711 took a great deal of pains with the chymical analysis of this fossil, by which they thought they discovered in it some sulphur and also an alkaline salt" (59). Before testing his phosphors, Beccari used to remain for some time in a dark, portable booth, or cell. When the pupils of his eyes had become sufficiently dilated, he was able to observe the dim, cold light which the phosphorescent substances emitted (89). 

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