Iron -chloride

Ethylene oxide Acids and bases, alcohols, air, 1,3-nitroaniline, aluminum chloride, aluminum oxide, ammonia, copper, iron chlorides and oxides, magnesium perchlorate, mercaptans, potassium, tin chlorides, alkane thiols... 

The reaction of chlorine gas with a mixture of ore and carbon at 500—1000°C yields volatile chlorides of niobium and other metals. These can be separated by fractional condensation (21—23). This method, used on columbites, is less suited to the chlorination of pyrochlore because of the formation of nonvolatile alkaU and alkaline-earth chlorides which remain in the reaction 2one as a residue. The chlorination of ferroniobium, however, is used commercially. The product mixture of niobium pentachloride, iron chlorides, and chlorides of other impurities is passed through a heated column of sodium chloride pellets at 400°C to remove iron and aluminum by formation of a low melting eutectic compound which drains from the bottom of the column. The niobium pentachloride passes through the column and is selectively condensed the more volatile chlorides pass through the condenser in the off-gas. The niobium pentachloride then can be processed further. 

Both the Toth and Alcoa processes provide aluminum chloride for subsequent reduction to aluminum. Pilot-plant tests of these processes have shown difficulties exist in producing aluminum chloride of the purity needed. In the Toth process for the production of aluminum chloride, kaolin [1332-58-7] clay is used as the source of alumina (5). The clay is mixed with sulfur and carbon, and the mixture is ground together, pelletized, and calcined at 700°C. The calcined mixture is chlorinated at 800°C and gaseous aluminum chloride is evolved. The clay used contains considerable amounts of silica, titania, and iron oxides, which chlorinate and must be separated. Silicon tetrachloride and titanium tetrachloride are separated by distillation. Resublimation of aluminum chloride is requited to reduce contamination from iron chloride. 

Although ilmenites and leucoxenes can be used in the chloride process, ores having higher Ti02 contents, eg, mineral mtile, which is not readily attacked by sulfuric acid, are preferred in order to minimise loss of chlorine in iron chloride by-product. 

Ethylamines. Mono-, di-, and triethylamines, produced by catalytic reaction of ethanol with ammonia (330), are a significant outlet for ethanol. The vapor-phase continuous process takes place at 1.38 MPa (13.6 atm) and 150—220°C over a nickel catalyst supported on alumina, siUca, or sihca—alumina. In this reductive amination under a hydrogen atmosphere, the ratio of the mono-, di-, and triethylamine product can be controlled by recycling the unwanted products. Other catalysts used include phosphoric acid and derivatives, copper and iron chlorides, sulfates, and oxides in the presence of acids or alkaline salts (331). Piperidine can be ethylated with ethanol in the presence of Raney nickel catalyst at 200°C and 10.3 MPa (102 atm), to give W-ethylpiperidine [766-09-6] (332). 

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, chloride, sulfate... 

Cobalt (II) meso-5.10,15,20-tetraphenylporphine complex [14172-90-8] M 671.7. Brown crystals from Et20 or CHCl3-MeOH (cf iron chloride complex). Recrystd by extraction (Soxhlet) with CgHg. Sol in most organic solvents except MeOH and pet ether. [UV, IR J Am Chem Soc 70 1808 7948 81 5111 7959.]... 

Iron chlorides (ferric chloride, ferrous chloride)... 

Chlorechtheit, /. fastness to chlorine. Chloreisen, n. iron chloride, specif, ferric chloride. -oxyd, n. ferric chloride, iron(III) chloride, -oxydui, n, ferrous chloride, iron(II) chloride,... 

Eisen-chlnawein, m. iron and quinine wine, -chlorid, n. iron chloride, specif, ferric chlo-... 

Scheme 11 Iron chloride-catalyzed hydration of terminal alkynes...

The use of steel reactors or containers to carry out reactions involving halogenous compounds can, by causing the formation of hydrogen chloride, and then iron chloride, provoke violent reactions of decomposition or polymerisation. 

A plugging material with 2-furaldehyde-acetone monomer and silicone oligomers has been described [1099]. The components for this material are shown in Table 18-1. The 2-furaldehyde-acetone monomer can contain mono-furfurylidene-acetone and difurfurylidene-acetone. The hardener can be iron chloride, benzene-sulfonic acid, hexamethylene diamine, or polyethylene polyamine. The plugging stone has improved strength, elastic-deformation, and anticorrosion and adhesion properties. 

The trivalent iron chloride is used in hexahydrate form. The solution is prepared by first making a 1.5% aqueous solution of polyacrylamide (by stepwise dissolving of portions of dry polyacrylamide powder in water at temperatures of 40° to 60° C), preparing a solution of iron chloride in water separately and... 

P. A. Alikin, N. N. Kasatkina, N. M. Makeev, and V. Yu. Vantsev. Plugging solution for deep wells—contains slag-sand cement, iron chloride, polyacrylamide, ethyl silicate and water, and has increased isolating efficiency. Patent SU 1776761-A, 1992. 

Storage stability Extremely unstable in presence of trace metals or other impurities. Traces of iron chloride may cause explosive decomposition. Pure material is stable for only 1 or 2 months. It may be stabilized by nitromethane, chloropicrin, glycine, ethyl acetate, or ether - but only in glass vessels below 20°C. Apparently, it is most stable in aromatic solvents. 

Since iron chlorides are more thermodynamically stable than CCU, at high temperatures chlorine reacts selectively with the metal at the carbide surface by the reactions ... 

Typical X-ray diffraction patterns of three different carbon powder samples are shown in Fig. 3. Two 00/ and two hkO diffraction peaks can be distinguished in the patterns of samples produced at 800°C and 1000°C. The 002 (26 26.9°) and 004 (26 54.9°) peaks correspond to the parallel graphene layers. The 100 (26 43°) and 110 (26 77.8°) diffraction peaks are characteristics of the 2D in-plane symmetry along the graphene layers. Based on its XRD pattern, the powder synthesized at 500°C is not graphitized, which is in agreement with Raman analysis. This low temperature sample also contains traces of iron chlorides. 

Chlorination of Fe3C at temperatures of 400°C and above results in the formation of carbon and solid or gaseous iron chlorides. Three temperature regimes have been defined. Amorphous carbon is formed at temperatures of 400 500°C. Flakes and ribbons of nanocrystalline graphite form at 600 -... 

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