Naphtenic acids

The phase behavior of systems containing pH-sensitive surfactants is another example of non-linearity of the mixing rule. If an oil phase containing an amphiphilic molecule, such as an organic acid, as in the case of naphtenic acids in crude oils, is put into contact with an alkaline water phase, the neutralization takes place at interface and results in a mixture of unneutralized acid (the lipophilic component) and its dissociated alkaline salt (the hydrophilic component). Hence, the interface contains a mixture of two surfactants whose relative proportion depends on the ionization (in the water and at interface), and thus of the pH [75]. 

A rather outstanding example of acidic extractants is that of alkyl phosphoric acid, in particular die-2-ethyl hexylphosphoric acid (DEHPA) which has been used in the extraction of uranium, nickel, zinc, cobalt, chromium and many other metals (46). Dodecyl phosphoric acidics also used in uranium extraction (46). A large number of carboxylic acids may be used to extract a variety of metals these include naphtenic acids for base metals and rare earth metals, a-bromolauric acid, pivalic acid etc. Versatic acids (which is a trade mark of Shell Co.) have a general formulae of ... 

Naphtenic acids, DEHPA, ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid, versatic acid etc. 

Cobalt naphtenate is made by treating cobalt hydroxide or acetate with naphtenic acid. It is an accelerant in rubber, unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins. 

Fig. 4. ILs formation by acid-base reaction between naphtenic acids and alkylimidazole.

Naphten-kohlenwasserstoff, m. naphthenic hydrocarbon, naphthene, -saure,/. naphthenic acid, -seife, /. naphthenic soap, -trocken-stoff, m. (Paint) naphthenate drier. 

Zn species introduced in the form of zinc chloride in ZSMS zeolites increase their activity and their selectivity for propane aromatization. On ZnZSMS catalysts propane aromatization can be considered as a bifunctional process, zinc species catalyzing propane activation (step 1) and naphtene dehydrogenation (step S) and the acid sites of HZSMS catalyzing steps 2-4. The increase in selectivity for aromatics is particularly significant because on zinc species step S occurs without... 

Caswell No. 226 CCRIS 772 Cobalt naphthenate Cobalt naphthenates, powder Cobalt(ll) naphthenate Cobaltous naphthenate EINECS 263-064-0 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 025101 Naftolite Naphtenate de cobalt Naphthenic acid, cobalt salt UN2001. 

However, there are cases where the acidity of the support influences positively the main reaction. In this case, the catalyst is bifunctional, and the best example is the reforming of hydrocarbons. The main objective of the reforming is the conversion of naphtha compounds with low octane number (paraffins and naphtenes) into branched or aromatic compounds with high octane index. 

Cobalt-containing catalysts (5) are used in the petroleum industry (hydroprocessing) and desulphurisation COMOX (3-5% C03O4, 14% M0O3, remainder z- AI2O3), and in the chemical industry for 0X0 synthesis and the production of TPA (terephthalic acid) and DMT (di-methylterephthalate) where cobalt acetate or cobalt naphtenate/octoate are used. Finally, cobalt-containing catalysts are also used during the Fischer Tropsch synthesis of fuels, oils and waxes from natural gas (GTL gas-to-liquid conversion). These catalysts also contain non-trivial amounts of precious metals (Pt,Ru,Rh,...). 

Fig. 10 Frequency sweep experiments on a carbon black filled SBR1500 compoimd G and G" measured data, WLF plots and mastercurves at 100 °C compound formulation (phr) SBR1500 100 N330 Carbon Black 50 Naphtenic oil 5 ZnO 5 Stearic acid 3 TMQ (trimethylquinoline, polymerized) 2 IPPD (N-isopropyl-N -phenyl-p-phenylene diamine) 1...

The following describes the most important m. (excluding naphtenate and other non-RR-based acids), their manufacture and use ... 

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