Adult beetle

Although nine species of Tribolium are potential pests (Sokoloff, 1974), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (red flour beetle) and T. confusum (Jacquelin du Val) (confused flour beetle) (Tenebrionidae) are the most widespread and economically important species. Adult beetles are reddish-brown in color... 

Many eaterpillars (here of a sawfly), adult beetles and their grubs, and of eourse slugs and snails, graze on leaves and sometimes stems. Other larvae mine or tunnel leaves. Leaf damage reduees the area where photosynthesis operates, sapping the plant s strength and redueing fruit set. 

The aposematic beetle, Metriorrhynchus rhipidius, contains three pyrazines as warning odor components and two amides as bitter principles (Tables III, V, and VIII) (97). Of the three components with the beetlelike odor, the most characteristic is 2-methoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine (24b). The other two components are 2-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine (24a) and 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine (24d). It would seem likely that these compounds will occur in the defensive systems of the aposematic beetles. The two amide components, detectable in the hemo-lymph exuded by adult beetles, are 3-phenylpropanamide (130) and l-methyl-2-quinolone (57), the latter being the major component. It seems likely that these bitter principles contribute to distastefulness to potential predators. 

Severe reduction in populations of amphipods, dragonfly naiads, corixid nymphs, and some adult beetles. Increased populations of snails, aquatic insect adults, and 2 species of fish. No change in 27 taxa. Results confounded by severe drought in experimental and control areas... 

Hylemya spp. Fsila rosae Chilo suppressalis Myzus persieae Nephotettix einetieeps Tribolium oastaneum Spodoptera littoralis Cocoa Mirids Tetranychid mites Laspeyresia pomonella Leptinotarsa 10-lineata Adult Locusts Lucilia larvae adults Beetles in stored cereals... 

The oil from C. cassia exhibited high toxicity to the adult beetles of the storage pest, Lasioderma serricorne (Kim-Soon et al., 2003). 

It is important to understand the structure of insect cuticle before we study the cuticu-lar penetration of insecticides. Figure 6.1 shows the structure of insect integument. The integument is the outer layer of the insect, comprising the epidermis and the cuticle. The epicuticle is generally about 1 micron in thickness. It can be composed of as many as four sublayers the cement layer (outermost), the wax layer, the polyphenol layer, and the cuticu-lin layer. The epicuticle, which makes up about 5% of the total thickness of the cuticle, contains lipids, lipoprotein, and protein and, therefore, it is lipophilic. Beneath the epicuticle lies the procuticle, which comprises the exocuticle and the endocuticle. This is essentially a hydrophilic chitin-protein complex containing considerable quantities of water. The endocuticle is soft and is the major constituent of larvae and soft-bodied insects. It is composed of microfibers of chitin and protein, which may impart elasticity to the cuticle. Above this section, the exocuticle is predominant in hard-bodied insects and forms most of the cuticle in adult beetles. It is present only as a thin layer in many larvae and in the hard parts of... 

Handpick adult beetles into a can of soapy water or a 5 percent solution of isopropyl alcohol. Wear gloves if your pests are blister beetles contact with crushed beetles can cause bums and blisters on skin. Shake infested plants in early morning to knock beetles onto a dropcloth, then scoop them up and destroy. 

Leaves skeletonized flowers eaten. Cause Japanese beetles. This V2" long pest has a metallic blue-green body and bronze wing covers. Besides feeding on leaves, the adult beetles often chew on buds and flowers. Handpick in early morning (when the beetles move more slowly) if there are only a few. 

Bark tunneled. Cause Elm bark beetles. These Ao", dark reddish brown beetles attack weakened elm trees and serve as vectors of Dutch elm disease. The adult beetles bore small holes through the bark and lay eggs in... 

Control Maintain healthy trees bury or burn all diseased or dying elms in the area to eliminate sources of disease plant cultivars resistant to Dutch elm disease trap adult beetles with pheromone traps conserve braconid wasps Dendwsoterprotuberans), which were released in the eastern United States to parasitize the beetles. 

Control In early morning, shake beetles from plants onto dropcloths, then drown them in soapy water cover plants with floating row cover apply milky disease spores or parasitic nematodes to sod to kill larvae attract native species of parasitic wasps and flies organize a community-wide trapping program to reduce adult beetle population spray plants attacked by beetles with neem. 

Life Cycle Adult beetles overwinter under fallen leaves, stones, logs, or other garden debris, flying to trees just as blossoms open adults feed and lay eggs, which hatch in 5-10 days larvae feed in fruit 2-3 weeks when fruit drops, they exit and pupate in the soil. Second generation adults emerge in late July to late October, feed on ripe or fallen fruit until fall, then move to shelter to hibernate. Up to 2 generations per year. 

How to Use Apply spores any time the ground is not frozen lo control grub damage to your lawn. Treatment will not have much affect on populations of adult beetles unless it is applied on a community-wide basis, since adults are mobile and new ones will arrive daily from untreated areas. 

Another possible advantage is conferred by deterrence of insect predation on the fungus or the plant that represents its food source. Ergopeptines in an artificial diet have been shown to deter feeding of adult beetles (Heteronychus arator)... 

Figure 11 Wharf-borer adult beetle emerging from a hole in the wood surface...

Figure E49-8. Red flour beetle. (A) Head (dorsal view, drawing). (B) Antenna 45jc. (C) Head (ventral view, drawing). (D) Terminal antennal segment lOOx. (E) Labrum lOOjr. (F) Head, actual. Bottom right Adult beetle.

Adult beetles mate quickly after exiting from their chambers. Ovipo-sition begins within 2-3 days. The female oviposits into the pores, cracks, and crevices of hardwood. Eggs incubate for 2-3 weeks before hatching. 

Adult beetles bore into selected wood and prepare egg tunnels instead of ovipositing into cracks. They will continue to tunnel in a section, and reinfest it, until they have depleted its food supply. The female bores the egg tunnel, making use of existing crevices for leverage. After the gallery reaches a depth of 8 mm, it turns sharply and runs parallel to the surface for another 6 mm or so. 

In summary, the histological and biochemical defenses of conifers pose a formidable barrier against bark beetles and their fungal associates. In particular, inducible reactions raise monoterpene concentrations above the physiological tolerance of adult beetles and their endophytic brood. Unless these responses are interrupted, bark beetles have little chance of reproducing in live trees. 

The C, lugubris beetles for these studies were field collected during the summer of 1988 in oak woods and corn fields near Bath, Illinois. They were attracted to traps baited with whole-wheat bread dough inoculated with baker s yeast. The collected beetles were then maintained in the laboratory on an artificial diet as described previously for C. hemipterus (6). Adult beetles lived as long as 6 months under these conditions. The availability of field-collected adults obviated the development of an egg-to-adult rearing procedure. 

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