Beetle, flour

Mackness, M.I., Walker, C.H, Rowlands, D.G. et al. (1982). Esterase activity in homogenates of 3 strains of rust red flour beetle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 74C, 65-68. 

Because of the importance of safe insecticides in the protection of foods, additional tests have been run against German cockroaches, red flour beetles, and Mexican bean beetle larvae. The residual deposit test was used on the first two insects, and a dust test on the bean beetles. The procedure for the latter method is to incorporate the materials into dusts which are distributed on bean leaves (6) piperonyl cyclonene, which is superior to butoxide against this insect, was included in this series of tests. 

The aggregation pheromone of the broad-horned flour beetle (Gnatocerus cornutus) was reported to be (lJR,4i, 5S)-(+)-acoradiene (33) by Tebayashi et al. [72]. Scheme 47 shows Mori s synthesis of (lRy4Ry5S)-33 [73]. The key-step was the ring-closing olefin metathesis of A to give B. An X-ray analysis of C confirmed the structure shown. The product (lJR,4JR,5S)-33, however, was different... 

Wheat flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) Grey weevil (Myllocerus sp.)... 

Although nine species of Tribolium are potential pests (Sokoloff, 1974), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (red flour beetle) and T. confusum (Jacquelin du Val) (confused flour beetle) (Tenebrionidae) are the most widespread and economically important species. Adult beetles are reddish-brown in color... 

Direct behavioral evidence of how stored-product insects move among patches is limited, but what is available shows that stored-product pests readily leave patches of food, can find and exploit multiple patches, and that these processes are influenced by a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors. The time Cryptolestes ferrugineus spent in refugia has been shown to be influenced by strain, sex, and age (Cox and Parish, 1991 Cox et al., 1989, 1990). A variety of factors have been shown to influence the decision by red flour beetles to leave food patches, including insect density... 

FIG. 2 Contour map of the spatial distribution of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, pheromone trap captures in a flour mill (J.F. Campbell and R.T. Arbogast, unpublished data). 

Low levels of resistance have been reported for some populations of Indian meal moth, almond moth, and red flour beetle populations in stored peanuts in the southeastern United States (Zettler et al., 1989), but no assessments are available for phosphine resistance in insect populations in mills, warehouses, processing plants, and other structural facilities. Phosphine can be corrosive to metals, particularly copper, electrical wiring, and electronic equipment (Bond et al., 1984), which limits its application in food processing facilities and warehouses. A new formulation of phosphine, in which phosphine gas is combined with carbon dioxide and released from a cylinder, alleviates some but not all of the corrosive effects of phosphine and is labeled for use as a structural treatment. 

An aerosol formulation of the insect growth regulator hydroprene (Gen-trol) was labeled several years ago for use in the United States. There are no research reports with hydroprene aerosol, except for Bell and Edwards (1998), which describe a study conducted in Great Britain. In this study, aerosol applications of hydroprene (Protrol) prevented the development of eggs of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum, the confused flour beetle, T. confusum, and the almond moth, C. cautella, that had been placed in exposed dishes with food media. 

The status of resistance of stored-product insects to any of the aerosols used in the United States is uncertain, and no new assessments of resistance have been conducted in recent years. Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, and almond moth, C. cautella, populations in peanut warehouses in the southeastern United States showed low levels of resistance to dichlorvos (Arthur et al., 1988), but reflected an increase relative to earlier studies (Zettler, 1982). In other studies, 24% of red flour beetle and 64% of confused flour beetle populations collected from flour mills were resistant to dichlorvos (Zettler, 1991). 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Arthur, F.H. 1998. Residual studies with cyfluthrin wettable powder Toxicity towards red flour beetles (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) exposed for short time intervals on treated concrete. 

Arthur, F.H. 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles Effects of temperature and relative humidity. J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 526-532. 

Campbell, J.F. and Runnion, C. 2003. Patch exploitation by female red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum. J. Insect Sci. 3, 20. http //www.insectscience.Org/3.20... 

Dowdy, A.K. 1999. Mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) exposed to high temperature and diatomaceous earth combination. J. Stored Prod. Res. 35, 175-182. 

Good, N.E. 1936. The flour beetles of the genus Tribolium . US Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 498. 

Halliday, W.R., Arthur, F.H., and Zettler, J.L. 1988. Resistance status of the red flour beetle (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) infesting stored peanuts in the southeastern United States. J. Econ. Entomol 81, 74-77. 

LeCato, G.L. 1975. Red flour beetle Population growth on diets of com, wheat, rice or shelled peanuts supplemented with eggs or adults of the Indianmeal moth. J. Econ. Entomol. 68, 763-765. 

Ogden, J.C. 1970. Aspects of dispersal in Tribolium flour beetles. Physiol. Zool. 43, 124—131. 

The male-produced sex pheromone of the red flour beetle, Tribolium cas-taneum>has been identified to be (4 ,81 -4,8-dimethyldecanal 164 (tribolure) [320,321]. During bioassays, a mixture of the (4R,8R) and (4.R,8S)-stereoisomers proved to be more active than the pure (4 ,810-enantiomer [322]. The exact enantiomeric composition of the natural product remains as yet unknown. 4,8-Dimethyldecanal was found in other Tribolium species, too [323]. Factors affecting the pheromone production in T castaneum have been described by Hussain et al. [324]. 

The biological significance of 1-pentadecene and 1,6-pentadecadiene which have been shown to be common volatiles among flour beetles [323] remains to be investigated. 

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